Jupiter se natuurlike satelliete: Verskil tussen weergawes

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==Oorsprong en evolusie==
Jupiter se reëlmatige satelliete het waarskynlik ontstaan uit ’n ring gas en soliede ruimteafval wat aanvanklik om die planeet bestaan het.<ref name=Canup2009>{{cite book|last=Canup|first=Robert M.|coauthors=Ward, William R.|title=Europa|publisher=University of Arizona Press (in press)|year=2009|chapter=Origin of Europa and the Galilean Satellites|bibcode=2008arXiv0812.4995C}}</ref><ref name=Alibert2005>{{cite journal|last=Alibert|first=Y.|coauthors=Mousis, O. en Benz, W.|title=Modeling the Jovian subnebula I. Thermodynamic conditions and migration of proto-satellites|year=2005|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=439|issue=3|pages=1205&ndash;131205–13}}</ref> Dit kon die oorblyfsels gewees het van groot satelliete wat vroeg in Jupiter se geskiedenis bestaan het.<ref name=Canup2009/><ref name="newsci">{{cite web|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126984.300-cannibalistic-jupiter-ate-its-early-moons.html|title=Cannibalistic Jupiter ate its early moons|last=Chown|first=Marcus|date=2009-03-07|work=New Scientist|accessdate=2009-03-18}}</ref>
 
Die buitenste, onreëlmatige mane was vermoedelik [[asteroïde]]s wat verby Jupiter beweeg en deur hierdie ring in ’n wentelbaan vasgevang is. Baie het opgebreek weens die spanning wat dit veroorsaak het of deur botsings met ander, kleiner liggame tot hulle hul huidige vorms aangeneem het.<ref name=Jewitt2007>{{cite journal|last=Jewitt|first=David|coauthors=Haghighipour, Nader|title=Irregular Satellites of the Planets: Products of Capture in the Early Solar System|journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics|year=2007|volume=45|issue=1|pages=261&ndash;95261–95|url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/papers/2007/JH07.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref>
 
==Ontdekking==
[[Lêer:The_Galilean_satellites_(the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter).tif|thumb|400px|Die mane van Galilei. Van links, in die volgorde wat hulle van Jupiter af lê, is Io, Europa, Ganymedes en Callisto.]]
Die eerste [[sterrekundige]] wat gemeld het hy het een van Jupiter se mane gesien, was die [[Sjina|Sjinees]] [[Gan De]], omstreeks 364 v.C.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Xi, Zezong Z.|title=The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo|journal=Acta Astrophysica Sinica|volume=1|issue=2 |year=1981|page=87}}</ref> Die eerste bevestigde waarneming van Jupiter-mane was egter dié van [[Galileo Galilei]] in 1609.<ref name=Galileo89>{{cite book|author=Galilei, Galileo|title=Sidereus Nuncius|editor=Vert. Albert van Helden|location=Chicago & Londen|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1989|pages=14–16|isbn=0-226-27903-0}}</ref> Teen Maart 1610 het hy die vier grootste mane gesien met sy teleskoop met ’n 30x-vergroting:<ref>{{cite journal|author=Van Helden, Albert|title=The Telescope in the Seventeenth Century|journal=Isis|volume=65 |issue=1|month=Maart |year=1974 |pages=38–58|publisher=The University of Chicago Press namens The History of Science Society|doi=10.1086/351216}}</ref> [[Io (maan)|Io]], [[Europa (maan)|Europa]], [[Ganymedes (maan)|Ganymedes]] en [[Callisto (maan)|Callisto]]. Geen verdere mane is ontdek nie totdat [[Edward Emerson Barnard]] die maan [[Amalthea (maan)|Amalthea]] in 1892 ontdek het.<ref name=Barnard1892>{{cite journal|last=Barnard|first=E. E.|url= http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AJ.../0012//0000081.000.html|title=Discovery and Observation of a Fifth Satellite to Jupiter|journal=Astronomical Journal|volume=12|year=1892|pages=81&ndash;8581–85|doi=10.1086/101715}}</ref> Met behulp van teleskopiese fotografie is verskeie ander ontdekkings in die loop van die 20ste eeu gedoen. [[Himalia (maan)|Himalia]] is in 1904 ontdek,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Discovery of a Sixth Satellite of Jupiter|journal=Astronomical Journal| volume=24|issue=18|date=1905-01-09| pages=154B;|doi=10.1086/103654|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AJ.../0024//0000154I002.html}}</ref> [[Elara (maan)|Elara]] in 1905,<ref name="Perrine 1905">{{cite journal| last=Perrine| first=C. D.|title=The Seventh Satellite of Jupiter|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific| year=1905| volume=17| issue=101|pages= 62–63|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0017//0000062.000.html}}</ref> [[Pasiphaë (maan)|Pasiphaë]] in 1908,<ref name="Melotte 1908">{{cite journal |last=Melotte |first=P. J. |title=Note on the Newly Discovered Eighth Satellite of Jupiter, Photographed at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |bibcode=1908MNRAS..68..456. |volume=68 |issue=6 |year=1908 |pages=456–457 }}</ref> [[Sinope (maan)|Sinope]] in 1914,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=S. B. |title=Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0026//0000197.000.html |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=26 |year=1914 |pages=197–198 |doi=10.1086/122336 |bibcode=1914PASP...26..197N}}</ref> [[Lysithea (maan)|Lysithea]] en [[Carme (maan)|Carme]] in 1938,<ref name="Nicholson 1938">{{cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=S.B. |title=Two New Satellites of Jupiter |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1938 |volume=50 |pages=292–293 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0050//0000292.000.html |doi=10.1086/124963 |bibcode=1938PASP...50..292N}}</ref> [[Ananke (moon)|Ananke]] in 1951,<ref name="Nicolson1951">{{cite journal|last=Nicholson|first=S. B.| url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0063//0000297.000.html|title=An unidentified object near Jupiter, probably a new satellite|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific|volume=63|issue=375|year=1951|pages=297–299|doi=10.1086/126402}}</ref> en [[Leda (maan)|Leda]] in 1974.<ref name="Kowal 1974">{{cite journal |last=Kowal |first=C. T. |coauthors=Aksnes, K.; Marsden, B. G.; en Roemer, E. |title=Thirteenth satellite of Jupiter |journal=Astronomical Journal |year=1974 |volume=80 |pages=460–464 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AJ.../0080//0000460.000.html |doi=10.1086/111766}}</ref>
 
Teen die tyd dat die [[Voyager 1|Voyager-ruimtetuie]] Jupiter in die laat 1970's bereik het, was 13 mane reeds ontdek; [[Themisto (maan)|Themisto]] is in 1975 waargeneem,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/02800/02845.html|journal=International Astronomical Union Circulars|author=Marsden, Brian G.|volume=2845|title=Probable New Satellite of Jupiter|date=3 Oktober 1975|publisher=Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory|location=Cambridge, US|format=Telegram oor ontdekking|accessdate=2011-01-08}}</ref> maar weens te min aanvanklike waarnemingsdata is dit nie weer waargeneem nie tot in 2000. Die Voyager-sendings het nog drie binneste mane in 1979 ontdek: [[Metis (maan)|Metis]], [[Adrastea (maan)|Adrastea]] en [[Thebe (maan)|Thebe]].<ref name=Synnott1980>{{cite journal|last= Synnott |first= S.P. |title=1979J2: The Discovery of a Previously Unknown Jovian Satellite |journal=Science|year=1980|volume=210|issue=4471|pages=786–788| doi=10.1126/science.210.4471.786 |pmid=17739548}}</ref>
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==Name==
Die mane van Galilei – Io, Europa, Ganymedes en Callisto – is deur Simon Marius name gegee kort ná hul ontdekking in 1610.<ref name=Marazzini>{{cite journal|last=Marazzini|first= C.|year=2005 |title=The names of the satellites of Jupiter: from Galileo to Simon Marius |journal=Lettere Italiane|volume= 57|issue= 3|pages=391&ndash;407391–407|language=Italiaans }}</ref> Die name het daarna egter ongewild geraak tot in die 20ste eeu: daar is na hulle verwys as "Jupiter I" tot "Jupiter IV", of "die eerste satelliet van Jupiter", ens.<ref name=Marazzini/> Die oorspronklike name is weer in die 20ste eeu begin gebruik, terwyl die ander mane naamloos gebly het en gewoonlik in Romeinse syfers genommer is.<ref name=Nicholson>{{cite journal|last=Nicholson|first=Seth Barnes|year=1939|month=April|title=The Satellites of Jupiter|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific|volume=51|issue=300|pages=85–94|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0051//0000093.000.html|doi=10.1086/125010}}</ref> Jupiter V, wat in 1892 ontdek is, is "Amalthea" genoem, hoewel die naam nie-amptelik was.<ref name=discovered>{{cite web|date=2008-11-07<!-- 11:42:58-->|title=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature|work= Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html| accessdate=2008-08-02 | publisher= U.S. Geological Survey }}</ref>
 
In 1975 het ’n taakgroep van die [[Internasionale Astronomiese Unie]] (IAU) name aan satelliet V tot XIII gegee,<ref name="iau75">{{cite journal|url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/02800/02846.html#Item6|journal=International Astronomical Union Circulars|volume=2846|title=Satellites of Jupiter|date=3 October 1975|author=Marsden, Brian G.|accessdate=2011-01-08}}</ref> en ’n amptelike benamingsproses daargestel vir toekomstige mane wat ontdek word.<ref name="iau75"/> Die praktyk was om nuut ontdekte mane te noem na minnaars van die god Jupiter/Zeus, en sedert 2004 ook na hul kinders.<ref name=iau>{{cite book|url=http://193.49.4.189/Satellites_of_planets.248.0.html|publisher=International Astronomical Union|title=Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus|work=Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature|accessdate=2008-08-28}}</ref> Al die mane van XXXIV ([[Euporie (maan)|Euporie]]) af is genoem na dogters van Jupiter/Zeus.<ref name=iau/>
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===Reëlmatige satelliete===
Hulle word in twee groepe verdeel:
:*'''Binneste satelliete''' of '''Amalthea-groep''': Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea en Thebe. Hulle wentel baie naby aan Jupiter; die binneste twee in minder as ’n Jupiter-dag. Die ander twee is die planeet se vyfde en sewende grootste maan. Daar word vermoed minstens Amalthea het nie in sy huidige wentelbaan ontstaan nie, maar verder weg, of dat dit ’n liggaam in die sonnestelsel was wat deur Jupiter in ’n wentelbaan vasgevang is.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anderson|first=J.D.|coauthors=Johnson, T.V.; Shubert, G.; et al.|title=Amalthea's Density Is Less Than That of Water|journal=Science |year=2005|volume=308|pages=1291&ndash;12931291–1293|doi=10.1126/science.1110422|issue=5726}}</ref> Hierdie mane, saam met ander binneste mane wat nog nie waargeneem is nie, voed Jupiter se dowwe [[Jupiter se ringe|ringstelsel]]. Metis en Adrastea voed Jupiter se hoofring, terwyl Amalthea en Thebe elk hul eie dowwe ringe het.<ref>{{cite book|author=Burns, J.A.; Simonelli, D. P.; Showalter, M.R. et al.|year=2004|chapter=Jupiter's Ring-Moon System|title=Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere|editor= Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T.E.; McKinnon, W.B.|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Burns, J. A.; Showalter, M. R.; Hamilton, D. P.; et al.|year=1999|title=The Formation of Jupiter's Faint Rings|journal=Science|volume=284|pages= 1146–1150}}</ref>
 
:*'''Hoofgroep''' of '''mane van Galilei''': Io, Europa, Ganymedes en Callisto. Met groter radiusse as enige van die [[dwergplaneet|dwergplanete]] is hulle van die grootste voorwerpe in die sonnestelsel. (Ganymedes is groter as Mercurius.) Hulle beslaan 99,999% van die totale [[massa]] van die voorwerpe wat om Jupiter wentel. Daar word vermoed hulle het ontstaan deur mettertyd materie aan te trek in die laedigtheid-newel om Jupiter – ’n skyf van gas en stof wat om Jupiter bestaan het ná sy vorming. Dit kon tot 10 miljoen jaar geduur het in die geval van Callisto.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Canup|first=Robin M.|coauthors=Ward, William R.|title=Formation of the Galilean Satellites: Conditions of Accretion|year=2002|volume=124|issue=6|pages=3404&ndash;34233404–3423|doi=10.1086/344684| url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~robin/cw02final.pdf|format=PDF | journal = The Astronomical Journal}}</ref>
 
===Onreëlmatige satelliete===