Millau-brug: Verskil tussen weergawes

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Voyageur (besprekings | bydraes)
Voyageur (besprekings | bydraes)
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== Beskrywing ==
Die Millau brug bestaan uit 'n agtspan staaldek met sewe steunpilare van beton. Die dek weeg 36 000 [[metrieke ton]] en is 2,460 m lank en is 32 m breed en 4.2 m diep. Die middelste ses dekke se spanwydte is elk 342 m lank en die twee buitenste dekke se spanwydte is elkeen 204 m lank. Die dek se helling is 3% persent en loop van [[suid]] na [[noord]] en die bo-aansig het 'n kromming met 'n 20 km radius om bestuurders se sig te verbeter. Daar is twee bane in elke rigting op die dek.
 
Die steunpilare wissel in hoogte van 77–246 m en die deursnee spits af vanaf 24.,5 m aan die basis tot 11 m by die dek. Elke steunpilaar besaan uit 16 raamwerkdele met 'n gewig van 2, 230 metrieke ton. Hierdie gedeeltes is ter plaatse aanmekaargesit uit dele wat vooraf in fabrieke in [[Lauterbourg]] en [[Fos-sur-Mer]] vervaardig is en elk 60  ton geweeg het en 4 m breed en 17 m lank was.
 
Die steunpilare steun 97 m hoë spanmaste. Die steunpilare is eers aanmekaargesit saam met 'n paar tydelike stutte aanmekaargesit voordat die dekke oor die steunpilare gestoot is deur satellietgeleide ramme wat die dek teen 'n snelheid van 600 [[millimeter|mm]] elke 4 [[minute]] gestoot het.
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The viaduct is the tallest vehicular bridge in the world, nearly twice as tall as the previous tallest vehicular bridge in Europe, the [[Europabrücke]] in [[Austria]]. The proposed [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] in [[Italy]], if constructed would be taller still and would also be the [[List of largest suspension bridges|world's largest suspension bridge]]. Current plans call for towers 382.6&nbsp;m high.
 
The Millau Viaduct is the second highest vehicular bridge measured from the roadway elevation. Its deck, at approximately 270&nbsp;m (886&nbsp;ft) above the Tarn, is apparently slightly higher than the [[New River Gorge Bridge]] in [[West Virginia]] in the [[United States]], which is 267&nbsp;m (876&nbsp;ft) above the [[New River (West Virginia)|New River]]. The [[Royal Gorge Bridge]] in [[Colorado]], [[United States]] has a deck considerably higher than either, at 321&nbsp;m (1,053&nbsp;ft) above the [[Arkansas River]].
 
[[Lêer:Foster viaduc de millau.jpg|800px|thumb|none|Panoramic view of the Millau Viaduct, as seen from the south. The red temporary supports are still visible in this [[June 29]], [[2004]] photograph.]]
 
== Construction ==
[[Lêer:Millau_Viaduct_construction_south.jpg|thumb|300px|regs|The viaduct under construction, seen from the south in early 2004.]]
Construction began on [[October 10]], [[2001]] and was intended to take 3 years, but weather conditions put work on the bridge behind schedule. A revised schedule aimed for the bridge to be opened in January 2005. The viaduct was officially inaugurated by [[Jacques Chirac|President Chirac]] on [[December 14]], [[2004]] to open for traffic on [[December 16]], several weeks ahead of the revised schedule.
 
===Preliminary studies ===
In initial studies, four options were examined:
# bypass Millau to the east, requiring two large bridges over the Tarn and the Dourbie;
# bypass Millau to the west (12&nbsp;km longer), requiring four bridges;
# follow the path of Route Nationale 9, providing good access to Millau but at the cost of technical difficulties and intrusion on the town; and
# traverse the middle of the valley.
 
The fourth option was selected by the government on [[June 28]], [[1989]]. It consisted of two possibilities: the high solution, and the low solution, requiring the construction of a 200&nbsp;m bridge to cross the Tarn, then a viaduct of 2300&nbsp;m extended by a tunnel on the [[Larzac]] side. After long construction studies, the low solution was abandoned because it would have intersected the water table, had negative effects on the town, cost more, and the driving distance would have been longer.
 
After the choice of the high viaduct's path, five teams of architects and researchers simultaneously worked on a technical solution. The original concept for the bridge was devised by French [[design]]er [[Michel Virlogeux]]. The architects of the bridge are the British firm [[Foster and Partners]]. He worked together with the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] engineering firm [http://www.arcadis-global.com/ ARCADIS], responsible for the technical design of the bridge.
 
===The builders===
 
Four consortia were in competition for the building contract:
* one led by Dragados (Spanish), with [[Skanska]] (Swedish) and Bec (French);
* ''Société du viaduc de Millau'', made up of ASF, Egis, GTM, [[Bouygues]] Travaux Publics, SGE, CDC Projets, Tofinso (all French) and Autostrade (Italian); and
* one led by Générale Routière, with Via GTI (French), and Cintra, Necso, Acciona, and Ferrovial Agroman (all Spanish).
* the successful bidders, lead by the Eiffage group, product of the Fougerolles-SEA fusion, the third largest French group in public works, and the sixth largest in Europe.
 
The work leader is the ''Compagnie Eiffage du Viaduc de Millau'', owner of the government contract. The construction consortium is made up of the Eiffage TP company for the concrete part, the Eiffel company for the steel roadway ([[Gustave Eiffel]] built the [[Garabit viaduct]] in [[1884]], a train bridge in the neighboring [[Cantal]] ''[[département in France|département]]''), and the [[Enerpac]] company for the roadway's hydraulic supports. The engineering group [[Setec]] has authority in the project, with [[SNCF]] engineering having partial control.
 
===Costs and resources===
The bridge's construction costs amount to €394&nbsp;million, with a toll plaza 6&nbsp;km north of the viaduct costing an additional €20 million. The builders, Eiffage, financed the construction in return for a concession to collect the tolls for 75 years, until 2080. However, if the concession is very profitable, the French government can assume control of the bridge in 2044.
 
The project required about 127,000&nbsp;[[cubic metre|m&sup3;]] of concrete, 19,000&nbsp;metric tons of steel for the reinforced concrete, and 5,000&nbsp;metric tons of pre-stressed concrete for the cables and shrouds. The builder claims that the bridge's lifetime will be at least 120&nbsp;years.
 
[[Lêer:Wiadukt Millau - segment.jpg|thumb|300px|regs|Single segment of the construction<br />on the small exhibition under viaduct]]
==Statistics==
 
* 2,460&nbsp;metre: total [[length]] of the roadway
* 7: number of piers
* 77&nbsp;m: [[height]] of Pier 7, the shortest
* 336&nbsp;m: height of Pier 2, the tallest (245&nbsp;m at the roadway's level)
* 87&nbsp;m: height of a [[pylon]]
* 154: number of shrouds
* 270&nbsp;m: average height of the roadway
* 4.20&nbsp;m: thickness of the roadway
* 32.05&nbsp;m: width of the roadway
* 85,000&nbsp;[[Cubic metre|m&sup3;]]: total [[volume]] of concrete used
* 290,000&nbsp;[[tonne|metric tons]]: total weight of the bridge
* 10,000&ndash;25,000 vehicles: estimated daily traffic
* [[euro|€]]4.90&ndash;6.50: typical automobile toll, [[as of 2005]]
 
==Project timeline==
* [[June 28]], [[1989]]: governmental approval of the middle route
* [[October 19]], [[1991]]: selection of the high solution, with the viaduct at 2500&nbsp;m
* [[January 10]], [[1995]]: declaration of ''utilité publique'' (public usefulness), as needed to apply [[eminent domain]] or compulsory purchase.
* [[July 9]], [[1996]]: choice of the cable-stayed bridge type
* [[1998]]: decision to contract out both construction costs and future tolls to a private enterprise
* [[October 16]], [[2001]]: work begins
* [[December 14]], [[2001]]: laying of the first stone
* January [[2002]]: laying pier foundations
* March 2002: start of work on the pier support C8
* June 2002: support C8 completed, start of work on piers
* July 2002: start of work on the foundations of temporary, height adjustable roadway supports
* August 2002: start of work on pier support C0
* September 2002: assembly of roadway begins
* November 2002: first piers complete
* [[February 25]]&ndash;[[February 26]], [[2003]]: laying of first pieces of roadway
* November 2003: completion of the last piers (Piers P2 at 221&nbsp;m and P3 at 245&nbsp;m are the highest piers in the world.)
* [[May 28]], [[2004]]: the pieces of roadway are several centimeters apart, their juncture to be accomplished within two weeks
* 2nd half of 2004: installation of the pylons and shrouds, removal of the temporary roadway supports
* [[December 14]], [[2004]]: official inauguration
* [[December 16]], [[2004]]: opening of the viaduct, ahead of schedule
* [[January 10]], [[2005]]: initial planned opening date
 
[[Lêer:MillauViaductSpectators.JPG|thumb|regs|250px|Large numbers of people stop to view the viaduct from the viewing area on the northern side]]
==Trivia==
*[[Felix Baumgartner]] became the first person to [[BASE jumping|BASE jump]] from the bridge on [[27 June]] [[2004]], shortly after the road deck was completed but well before the bridge was opened. [http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU0406/S00225.htm]
 
==See also==
*[[List of bridges by length]]
*[[Royal Gorge Bridge]]
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== Eksterne skakels ==