Karel I van Engeland: Verskil tussen weergawes

|beeld =King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_DyckKing Charles I after original by van Dyck.jpg

'''Karel I''' ([[Engels]]: '''Charles I'''; 19 November 1600 &ndash;– 30 Januarie 1649) was van 27 Maart 1625 tot met sy teregstelling op 30 Januarie 1649 koning van [[Engeland]], [[Ierland]] en [[Skotland]].<ref name="BBC-history">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/charles_i_king.shtml|title= History — Charles I (1600–1649)| publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=2008-04-20}}</ref>

Karel was die tweede oudste seun van [[Jakobus I van Engeland|Jakobus I & VI]] en [[Anna van Denemarke]]. Hy is op 19 November 1600 in [[Dunfermline]], [[Fife]], gebore.<ref name="royalukwebsite" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/92.html|title = Memorable Christians|publisher=justus.anglican.org|accessdate= 2008-04-20}}</ref> Tot op die ouderdom van drie kon hy nie loop of praat nie.

Toe sy oudste broer, [[Hendrik Frederick Stuart|Hendrik]], die Prins van Wallis, in 1612 op 18-jarige ouderdom sterf, twee weke voor Karel se 12de verjaarsdag, het hy die troonopvolger geword.

Toe Jakobus I op 27 Maart 1625 sterf, het Karel hom opgevolg. Sy bewind is gekenmerk deur ’n stryd om mag met die Engelse parlement. Hy was ’n groot voorstander van die "Divine Right of Kings",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566517/Charles_I_(of_England).html|title=Charles I (of England) |publisher=MSN Encarta|accessdate= 2008-04-20}}</ref> wat verkondig het dat konings hul mag van [[God]] kry en dus nie van die troon afgesit kon word nie. Baie van sy onderdane het geglo dat hy absolute mag probeer kry het. Daar was teenkanting teen baie van sy aksies, soos om belasting in te stel sonder die parlement se toestemming.<ref name="royalukwebsite">{{cite web|title=Charles I (r. 1625–491625–1649)|publisher=Royal.gov.uk|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheStuarts/CharlesI.aspx|accessdate=2008-04-20}}</ref>

Daar was ook heelwat godsdienstige konflik tydens sy bewind. Hy was getroud met ’n [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk|Katolieke]] prinses, [[Henrietta Maria van Frankryk]], ondanks teenkanting van die parlement en die algemene publiek.<ref name="HenriettaMariaBio">{{cite web|url = http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/henrietta-maria.htm|title=Queen Henrietta Maria, 1609–691609–1669|accessdate=2008-04-20|publisher=British-civil-wars.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="MarriageParliamentViews">{{cite web|url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/parliament-1625-29.htm|title= Queen Henrietta Maria, 1609–691609–1669|accessdate=2008-04-20|publisher=British-civil-wars.co.uk}}</ref> Sy latere pogings om godsdienstige hervormings aan [[Skotland]] op te dwing het gelei tot die Biskoppe-oorlog wat die Engelse regering verswak en sy val help bespoedig het.

Sy laaste jare is gekenmerk deur die [[Engelse Burgeroorlog]] waarin hy teen die magte van die Engels en die Skotse parlement geveg het. Karel is in die eerste burgeroorlog (1642–451642–1645) verslaan, waarna die parlement van hom verwag het om hul eise vir ’n konstitusionele monargie te aanvaar. Hy het egter uitdagend gebly en probeer om ’n verbondskap aan Skotland op te dwing en na die [[Wight (eiland)|eiland Wight]] te vlug. Dit het aanleiding gegee tot die tweede burgeroorlog (1648–491648–1649) en ’n tweede nederlaag vir Karel. Hy is daarna gevang, aan hoogverraad skuldig bevind en tereggestel. Sy laaste woorde was: {{cquote|<center>I shall go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance can be. <ref name="royalukwebsite" /></center>}}

Die Britse monargie is hierna afgeskaf en ’n republiek, bekend as die [[Gemenebes van Engeland]] of die [[Engelse Interregnum]], is afgekondig. Ná die afskaffing van die Interregnum het Karel se seun, [[Karel II van Engeland|Karel II]], in 1660 koning geword.<ref name = "royalukwebsite" /> In dieselfde jaar het die [[Kerk van Engeland]] Karel I tot heilige verklaar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Charles, King and Martyr|publisher=SKCM|url= http://www.skcm.org/SCharles/scharles_main.html|accessdate=2008-10-16}}</ref>

:''Hierdie artikel is merendeels vertaal vanaf die Engelse Wikipedia-artikel [http[://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England:Charles I of England]]

* {{cite book |title=Charles I: The personal monarch |last=Carlton |first=Charles |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1995 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=04151214180-415-12141-8 |pages=423 }}

* {{cite book |title=Britain 1558-16891558–1689 |last=Murphy |first=Derrick |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |location=Londen |isbn=0-00-713850-4 |pages=384}} pp.&nbsp;211-235

* {{cite book|last=Carlton|first=Charles|title=Charles I: The Personal Monarch|publisher=Routledge|location=Brittanje|year=1995|pages=423|isbn=04151214180-415-12141-8}}

* {{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Clive|title=Why was Charles I Executed?|publisher=Continuum International|year=2006|pages=244|isbn=18528528281-85285-282-8}}

* {{cite book|last=Cust|first=Richard|title=Charles I|publisher=Longman|date=2007-07-21|pages=512|isbn=978-14058590351-4058-5903-5}}

* {{cite book|last=Hill|first=C.|title=The Century of Revolution, 1603–1714|publisher=Routledge|location=Brittanje|year=1991|pages=296|isbn=04150517890-415-05178-9|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k1P9UCxwmUkC}}

* {{cite book|last=V Wedgwood|first=C|title=The Great Rebellion: The King's War, 1641-16471641–1647.|publisher=Collins|year=1958|pages=702}}

* {{cite book|last=Wedgewood|first=Cicely Veronica|title=A Coffin for King Charles: The Trial and Execution of Charles I|publisher=Macmillan|year=1964|pages=307|isbn=978-00262550040-02-625500-4}}

* {{cite book|last=Ashley|first=Maurice|title=Charles I and Cromwell|publisher=Methuen|year=1987|pages=256|isbn=978-04131627000-413-16270-0|url=http://www.amazon.com/Charles-I-Cromwell-Maurice-Ashley/dp/0413162702/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qisbn=1208807323&sr=1-2}}

* {{cite book|last=Reeve|first=L. J.|title=Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Brittanje|year=1989|pages=325|isbn=05215213350-521-52133-5|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kszoNS3KM4oC}}

* [http://www.skcm.org/ The Society of King Charles the Martyr]

* [http://www.skcm-usa.org/ The Society of King Charles the Martyr (VSA)]

* ''The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I, 1637-16491637–1649'' by [[Samuel Rawson Gardiner]] (1882): [http://www.archive.org/details/fallmonarchycha02gardgoog Volume I (1637-16401637–1640)], [http://www.archive.org/details/fallmonarchycha00gardgoog Volume II (1640-16421640–1642)]

* [http://www.archive.org/details/secretnegociatio00gardrich ''A Secret Negotiation with Charles the First, 1643-16441643–1644''], ed. Bertha Meriton Gardiner (1883)

* ''History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603-16421603–1642'' by [[Samuel Rawson Gardiner]] (1883-18911883–1891): [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland01gard Volume I (1603-16071603–1607)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland02gardiala Volume II (1607-16161607–1616)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofengland03gardiala Volume III (1616-16211616–1621)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofengland04gardiala Volume IV (1621-16231621–1623)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofenglan05gardiala Volume V (1623-16251623–1625)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofenglan06gardiala Volume VI (1625-16291625–1629)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland07gardiala Volume VII (1629-16351629–1635)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland08gardiala Volume VIII (1635-16391635–1639)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland06gardiala Volume IX (1639-16411639–1641)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyenglandf21gardgoog Volume X (1641-16421641–1642)]

* ''History of the Great Civil War, 1642-16491642–1649'' by [[Samuel Rawson Gardiner]] (1886-19011886–1901): [http://www.archive.org/stream/historygreatciv07gardgoog Volume I (1642-16441642–1644)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historygreatciv04gardgoog Volume II (1644-16471644–1647)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historygreatciv00gardgoog Volume III (1645-16471645–1647)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historygreatciv06gardgoog Volume IV (1647-16491647–1649)]