Jakobus I van Engeland: Verskil tussen weergawes

Content deleted Content added
k →‎Boeke oor Jakobus I aanlyn beskikbaar: Link FA is now handled by Wikidata, removed: {{Link FA|bs}} (2) using AWB (10861)
Opruim
Lyn 10:
|beeld2_onderskrif =
|opskrif1 = Titel
|1 = '''Koning van Skotland'''
|opskrif2 = Regeer
|2 = [[24 Julie]] [[1567]] – [[27 Maart]] [[1625]]
Lyn 52:
'''Jakobus I''' ([[Engels]]: '''James I'''; 19 Junie 1566 – 27 Maart 1625) was koning van die [[Skotland|Skotte]] (as '''Jakobus VI'''), van [[Engeland]] en van [[Ierland]]. Hy was die eerste persoon wat na homself verwys het as koning van [[Groot-Brittanje]]. In Skotland het hy van [[24 Julie]] [[1567]] tot en met sy dood as Jakobus VI regeer. Ná die dood van sy niggie [[Elizabeth I van Engeland|Elizabeth I]] het hy koning van Engeland en Ierland geword waar hy van [[24 Maart]] [[1603]] tot en met sy dood regeer het. Hy was die eerste Engelse monarg van die [[Huis van Stuart]].
 
== Vroeë lewe ==
Jakobus Karel Stuart is op 19 Junie 1566 in [[Edinburg-kasteel]] gebore as die oudste seun van [[Maria I van Skotland|Maria, koningin van die Skotte]] ([[Engels]]: ''Mary, Queen of Scots'') en haar tweede man, [[Hendrik Stuart, lord Darnley]]. Jakobus was ’n afstammeling van koning [[Hendrik VII van Engeland]] deur sy oumagrootjie [[Margaret Tudor]], die oudste suster van [[Hendrik VIII van Engeland|Hendrik VIII]].
 
Lyn 61:
In 1568 het Maria uit die tronk ontsnap en dit het gelei tot ’n kort tydperk van geweld. Die Graaf van Moray het Maria se troepe in die [[Slag van Langside]] verslaan. Sy het noodgedwonge na Engeland gevlug waar sy deur Elizabeth in hegtenis geneem en uiteindelik tereggestel is.
 
== Bewind in Skotland ==
Hoewel die regentskap amptelik in 1578 geëindig het, het Jakobus nie volle beheer oor die regering gekry voor 1581 nie.<ref>Stewart, p 47; Croft, p 16; Willson, pp 29–31.</ref> In Augustus 1582 het die verskeie grawe Jakobus na [[Huntingtower-kasteel|Ruthven-kasteel]] gelok, hom gevange geneem en gedwing om ’n verklaring af te lê waarin hy verklaar dat hy nie gevange gehou word of teen sy wil aangehou word nie en dat niemand hom moet kom help nie.<ref>Stewart, p 66.</ref>. Hy is in Junie 1583 vrygelaat en het daarna toenemend beheer oor sy koninkryk oorgeneem.
 
In 1586 het Jakobus die Verdrag van Berwick met Engeland gesluit. Dit en die teregstelling van sy ma in 1587 het dit vir hom moontlik help maak om later die Engelse troon te bestyg.
 
=== Huwelik ===
In sy jeug is Jakobus geprys vir sy kuisheid omdat hy min belangstelling in vroue getoon het. Hy het die geselskap van mans verkies,<ref>Croft, pp 23–24.</ref> maar ’n huwelik was nodig om sy bewind te versterk. Die keuse het geval op die 14-jarige [[Anna van Denemarke]], jongste dogter van die Protestantse [[Frederick II van Denemarke|Frederick II]]. Hulle is op 23 November in die huwelik bevestig. Jakobus was versot op Anna en het haar met geduld en deernis behandel.<ref>Willson, pp 85–95.</ref> Tussen 1593 en 1595 is hy egter romanties verbind met Anne Murray, later lady Glamis, wat hy poëties aangespreek het as "my minnares en my liefde".
 
Die koninklike egpaar het drie kinders gehad wat oorleef het: [[Hendrik Frederick, Prins van Wallis]], wat in 1612 op 18-jarige ouderdom oorlede is; [[Elizabeth van Boheme|Elizabeth]], later koningin van [[Boheme]]; en Karel, die toekomstige koning [[Karel I van Engeland]]. Anna is in Maart 1619 oorlede.
 
== Engelse troon ==
Van 1601 af, tydens die laaste jare van [[Elizabeth I van Engeland|Elizabeth I]] se lewe, het sekere Engelse politici in die geheim met Jakobus gekorrespondeer om ’n gladde troonoorname te verseker. Elizabeth is op 24 Maart oorlede en Jakobus het koning van Engeland geword.<ref>Croft, p 49; Willson, p 158.</ref> Hy is op 25 Julie gekroon.<ref>Stewart, p 172.</ref>
 
=== Guy Fawkes ===
Op die vooraand van die opening van die tweede sessie van Jakobus se eerste Parlement op 5 November 1605 is ’n soldaat met die naam [[Guy Fawkes]] in die kelder van die parlementsgebou ontdek – naby ’n hoop hout en nie ver van 36 vate buskruit nie waarmee hy beplan het om die gebou die volgende dag op te blaas.<ref>Stewart, p 219.</ref> Die samesweerders en hul leier is op 27 Januarie 1606 gevonnis en vier dae later gehang. Die opspraakwekkende verydeling van die Katolieke [[Buskruitkomplot]], soos dit gou bekend geraak het, word nog in Engeland en ook in ander wêrelddele soos Suid-Afrika op 5 November gevier.
 
Ná die Buskruitkomplot het Jakobus sy onderdrukking van Katolieke verskerp en het hy streng maatreëls ingestel om hulle te beheer. In Mei 1606 het die parlement ’n wet goedgekeur wat van elke burger verwag het om ’n eed van getrouheid af te lê waarin die [[Pous]] se mag bo dié van die koning onder meer ontken is.<ref>Stewart, p 225.</ref> Jakabus was verdraagsaam teenoor Katolieke wat die eed afgelê het,<ref>Willson, p 228.</ref> en selfs teenoor kripto-Katolieke (Katolieke wat hulle in die openbaar met protestantisme vereenselwig het, maar innerlik Katolieke gebly het.
 
== Persoonlike verhoudings ==
Dwarsdeur sy lewe het Jakobus liefdesverhoudings met manlike howelinge gehad, veral met [[Esmé Stewart, 1ste Hertog van Lennox|Esmé Stewart, 6de lord d'Aubigny]] (later 1ste Hertog van Lennox); [[Robert Carr, 1ste Graaf van Somerset]] en [[George Villiers, 1ste Hertog van Buckingham]]. Hy was in sy tyd berug vir sy manlike minnaars en daar is van hom gesê: ''Elizabeth was King, now James is Queen.''<ref>Montgomery Hyde, ''The Love That Dared Not Speak its Name;'' p.43</ref> Nie alle moderne historici stem egter saam dat hy definitief homo- of biseksueel was nie.(Bucholz, 2004)<ref> [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0631213937&id=1D9VrPfU7msC&pg=PA208&lpg=PA208&ots=e4Eh6hdzcw&dq=%22James+I%22+Lennox+homosexual&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=BCnX78l4CF7SiHdmZpzHjl4_W0w Bucholz, p 208].</ref>
 
== Dood ==
Tydens die laaste jaar van sy lewe was die koning dikwels ernstig siek en hy het Londen al hoe minder besoek. In Maart 1625 het hy ’n beroerte gehad en hy is op 27 Maart in [[Theobalds House]] in [[Hertfordshire]] oorlede. Daar is diep gerou oor sy dood. Hy was tot aan die einde baie gewild, veral danksy ononderbroke vrede en lae belasting tydens die [[Jakobeaanse Tydperk]].
 
Die "King James Version" van die Engelse [[Bybel]] is aan hom opgedra. Dit is in 1611 gepubliseer danksy die [[Hampton Court-konferensie]] wat hy byeengeroep het om probleme op te los met die vertalings wat destyds gebruik is. Dié vertaling van die Bybel word vandag nog wyd gebruik.
 
== Verwysings ==
: ''Hierdie artikel is merendeels vertaal vanaf die Engelse Wikipedia-artikel [http[://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England:James I of England]]''
{{Verwysings}}
<references/>
* Atherton, Ian; and David Como (2005). ''The Burning of Edward Wightman: Puritanism, Prelacy and the Politics of Heresy in Early Modern England''. English Historical Review, Volume 120, Desember 2005, Nommer 489, 1215–1250. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Barroll, J. Leeds (2001). ''Anna of Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. ISBN 08122357460-8122-3574-6.
* Barroll, J. Leeds and Susan P. Cerasano (1996). ''Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England: An Annual Gathering of Research, Criticism and Reviews.'' Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 08386364110-8386-3641-1.
* Bucholz, Robert en Newton Key (2004). ''Early Modern England, 1485–1714: A Narrative History.'' Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 06312139370-631-21393-7.
* Croft, Pauline (2003). ''King James''. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-61395-3.
* Davies, Godfrey ([1937] 1959). ''The Early Stuarts''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 01982170480-19-821704-8.
* Guy, John (2004). ''My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots.'' Londen en New York: Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-84115-752-X.
* Krugler, John D. (2004). ''English and Catholic: the Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 08018796390-8018-7963-9.
* Lindley, David (1993). ''The Trials of Frances Howard: Fact and Fiction at the Court of King James''. Routledge. ISBN 04150520680-415-05206-8.
* Milling, Jane (2004). "The Development of a Professional Theatre", in ''The Cambridge History of British Theatre.'' Jane Milling, Peter Thomson, Joseph W. Donohue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 05216504020-521-65040-2.
* Noble, Mark (1795). ''An Historical Genealogy of the Royal House of Stuarts, from the Reign of King Robert II to that of King James VI''. Londen: R. Faulder. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=0fRHnGBxUqhFR2xy&id=0S0BAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=genealogy+V+I+James#PPP5,M1 Lees digitale kopie op Google Books].
* Perry, Curtis (2006). ''Literature and Favoritism in Early Modern England''. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 05218540590-521-85405-9.
* Rhodes, Neil; Jennifer Richards; and Joseph Marshall (2003). ''King James VI and I: Selected Writings.'' Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 07546048290-7546-0482-9.
* Sharpe, Kevin M. (2000). ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-century England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 05216640980-521-66409-8.
* Smith, David L (2003). "Politics in Early Stuart Britain," in ''A Companion to Stuart Britain''. Barry Coward. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 06312187420-631-21874-2.
* Solt, Leo Frank (1990). ''Church and State in Early Modern England: 1509–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 01950597940-19-505979-4.
* Stewart, Alan (2003). ''The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I.'' Londen: Chatto and Windus. ISBN 0-7011-6984-2.
* Stroud, Angus (1999). ''Stuart England.'' Routledge ISBN 04152065290-415-20652-9.
* Watts, Michael R (1985). ''The Dissenters: From the Reformation to the French Revolution.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 01982295690-19-822956-9.
* Williams, Ethel Carleton (1970). ''Anne of Denmark.'' Londen: Longman. ISBN 0-582-12783-1.
* Willson, David Harris ([1956] 1963 ed). ''King James VI & I.'' Londen: Jonathan Cape Ltd. ISBN 0-224-60572-0.
 
== Verdere leesstof ==
* Akrigg, G. P. V (1978). ''Jacobean Pageant: The Court of King James I''. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-70003-2.
* {{cite book|last=Chambers|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Chambers|title=Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen|year=1856|publisher=Blackie and Son|location=Londen|chapter=James VI|chapterurl=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/james6.htm}}
* {{cite book|last=Fraser|first=Antonia|authorlink=Antonia Fraser|title=King James VI of Scotland, I of England|year=1974|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|location=Londen|isbn=0-297-76775-5}}
* Houston, S J. ''James I''. Longman Publishing Group (June 1974), Seminar Studies ISBN 05823520880-582-35208-8.
* {{cite book|last=Lee|first=Maurice|title=Great Britain's Solomon: James VI and I in his Three Kingdoms|year=1990|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana|isbn=0-252-01686-6}}
* [[Roger Lockyer|Lockyer, Roger]] (1998). ''James VI and I''. Longman. 2de uitg.
* [[Roger Lockyer|Lockyer, Roger]] (1999). ''The Early Stuarts: The Political History of England 1603-16421603–1642''. Longman.
* [[Michael Lynch|Lynch, Michael (historian)]] (1991). ''Scotland: A New History''. Ebury Press. ISBN 07126341340-7126-3413-4.
* "Preaching to the Converted? Perspectives on the Scottish Reformation," in ''The Renaissance in Scotland: Studies in Literature, Religion, History and Culture''. - AA MacDonald, M. Lynch and IB Cowan (Leiden, 1994)
* Peck, Linda Levy (1982). ''Northampton: Patronage and Policy at the Court of James I.'' Harper Collins. ISBN 00494217780-04-942177-8.
* {{cite book|last=Williamson|first=David|title=The National Portrait Gallery History of the Kings and Queens of England|year=1998|publisher=National Portrait Gallery|location=Londen|isbn=1-85514-228-7}}
 
== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie|James I of England}}
* [http://web.archive.org/20070609201520/www.geocities.com/queenswoman/jameswormald.html James I, geïllustreerde biografie] deur Jenny Wormald, C.E. Hodge Fellow & Tutor in Modern History, St Hilda's College, Oxford
* [http://www.intermentary.com/renaissance-computer James I, print and digital communication]
=== Boeke oor Jakobus I aanlyn beskikbaar ===
* [http://www.archive.org/details/historielifeofki00colviala ''The Historie and Life of King James the Sext. Written towards the Latter Part of the Sixteenth Century''] deur John Colville (1804)
* ''An Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of James I and Charles I, and the Lives of Oliver Cromwell and Charles II'' deur William Harris (1814): [http://www.archive.org/details/anhistoricaland02harrgoog Volume I], [http://www.archive.org/details/anhistoricaland00harrgoog Volume II], [http://www.archive.org/stream/anhistoricaland03harrgoog Volume III], [http://www.archive.org/stream/anhistoricaland05harrgoog Volume IV], [http://www.archive.org/details/anhistoricaland01harrgoog Volume V]
* ''Memoirs of the Court of King James the First'' deur [[Lucy Aikin]] (1822): [http://www.archive.org/details/memoirsofcourtof02aiki Vol. I], [http://www.archive.org/details/memoirsofcourtof01aiki Vol. II]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/papersrelativeto00crairich ''Papers Relative to the Marriage of King James the Sixth of Scotland, with the Princess Anna of Denmark; A.D. M.D.LXXXIX., and the Form and Manner of Her Majesty's coronation at Holyroodhouse. A.D. M.D.X.C''] deur James T. Gibson-Craig (1828)
* [http://www.archive.org/details/extractsfromacc00cunngoog ''Extracts from the Accounts of the Revels at Court, in the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I''] deur Peter Cunningham (1842)
* ''Original Letters Relating to the Ecclesiastical Affairs of Scotland: Chiefly Written by, or Addressed to His Majesty King James the Sixth after his Accession to the English throne'' (1851): [http://www.archive.org/details/originallettersr01jame Vol. I], [http://www.archive.org/details/originallettersr02jame Vol. II]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/correspondenceof00jamerich ''Correspondence of King James VI. of Scotland with Sir Robert Cecil and Others in England, During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth''] (1861)
* ''History of England from the Accesion of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603-16421603–1642'' deur Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1883-18911883–1891): [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland01gard Volume I (1603-16071603–1607)], *[http://www.archive.org/details/historicalsketc00carlgoog ''Historical Sketches of Notable Persons and Events in the Reigns of James I and Charles I''] deur Thomas Carlyle (1898 red.)
* [http://www.archive.org/details/englishchurchin02frergoog ''The English Church in the Reigns of Elizabeth and James I. (1558-16251558–1625)''] deur Walter Frere (1904)
* [http://www.archive.org/details/historyenglandf00montgoog ''The History of England from the Accession of James I. to the Restoration (1603-16601603–1660)''] deur Francis Charles Montague (1907)
* "English Witchcraft and James the First," in [http://www.archive.org/details/fivepamphlets00kittrich ''Five Pamphlets''] by [[George Lyman Kittredge]] (1911-171911–1917)
* [http://www.archive.org/details/politicalworksj00igoog ''The Political Works of James I''] (1918-uitg.)
 
{{Monarge van Engeland}}
 
[[Kategorie:Engelse monarge]]
[[Kategorie:Ierse monarge]]
[[Kategorie:Skotse monarge]]
[[Kategorie:Huis van Stuart]]
 
{{Monarge van Engeland}}