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'''Kolonisasie ''' is 'n proses waardeur 'n sentrale stelsel van mag die omliggende grond en die komponente daarvan oorheersoorheer.
Die term is afgelei van die Latynse woord ''colere'', wat "om te bewoon" beteken.<ref name="Steele03">{{cite book|title=The Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes|author1=Marcy Rockman|author2=James Steele|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-25606-2}}</ref> Kolonisasie verwys net na migrasie, byvoorbeeld die setlaarkolonies in Amerika, Australië en Afrika, handelsposte en plantasies, terwyl kolonialisme daaroor handel, asook oor oorheersing oor die inheemse bevolking van sogenaamde "nuwe grondgebiede".
Kolonisasie word verbind met die verspreiding van tientalle miljoene van Wes-Europese lande na oral oor die wêreld heen. In baie gevestigde kolonies het Wes-Europese setlaars die groot meerderheid van die bevolking uitgemaak. Voorbeelde hiervan is die Amerikas, Australië en Nieu-Seeland. Hierdie kolonies is soms "neo-Europa" genoem. In ander plekke het Wes-Europese setlaars die minderheidsgroepe uitgemak, wat dikwels oorheersend was in die plekke waar hulle hul gevestig het.<ref name="EI">{{cite book|last1=Howe|first1=Stephen|title=Empire: A Very Short Introduction|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United States|pages=21–31}}</ref>
Toe Brittanje begin het om hulle in Australië, Nieu-Seeland en verskeie ander kleiner eilande te vestig, het hulle die landmassas as
''terra nullius'' beskou.<ref name="PG">{{cite book|last1=Painter|first1=Joe|last2=Jeffrey|first2=Alex|title=Political Geography|date=2009|publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd.|location=London, GBR|page=169}}</ref> ''Terra nullius'' beteken "leë grond" in Latyn. Weens die gebrek aan//afwesigheid Europese boerderytegnieke is die grond beskou as onveranderd deur mense en is gevolglik as onbewoon behandelxxx, ondanks die teenwordigheid van inheemse bevolkings. In die 19de eeu, het wette en idees soos Mexiko se Algemene Kolonisasiewet en die Verenigde State se Lotsbestemming-manifes het die verdere kolonisasie van die Amerikas aangemoedig.
== Geskiedkundige kolonisasies ==
In die antieke tye het nasies soos die stadstate Griekeland en Fenisië dikwels kolonies gestig waar hulle kon boer op wat hulle geglo het onbewoonde grond was. Grond wat geskik was vir boer is dikwels beset deur migrerende "barbaarse stamme" wat geleef het van jag en versamel. Antieke Grieke en Fenisiërs het die grond beskou as bloot leeg en onbewoon. Dit het egter nie beteken dat daar nie konflik was tussen die koloniseerders en die plaaslike/inheemse mense nie. Grieke en Fenisiërs het ook kolonies gevestig met die opset om handel deur die hele Mediterreen en Midde-Ooste te reguleer en uit te brei.
Nog 'n tydperk van kolonisasie in die antieke tye was gedurende die Romeinse Ryk. Die Romeinse Ryk het groot dele van Wes-Europa, Noord-Afrika en Wes-Asië verower.
In Noord-Afrika en Wes-Asië het die Romeine dikwels verower wat hulle beskou het as "beskaafde nasies". Namate hulle noord in Europa beweeg het, het hulle grootliks te doen gekry et plattelandse nasies/stamme en baie min wat as stede beskou kan word. In hierdie gebiede het golwe van kolonisasie dikwels op die verowering van die gebiede gevolg.
Baaie van die huidige stede regdeur Europa het begin as Romeinse kolonies, soos Köln in Duitsland, wat oorspronklik ''Colonia Claudia'' deur die Romeine genoem is; en die Britse hoofstad, Londen, wat die Romeine gestig het as ''Londinium''.
=== Middeleeue ===
[[LêerFile:Colonisation 1550Colonisation_1550.png|regs|duimnael|Wêreldryke en kolonies 1550]]
[[LêerFile:Colonial empires in 1800Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg|duimnael|Wêreldryke en kolonies 1800]]
Die verval en ondergang van die Romeinse Ryk was dieselfde tyd (gedeeltelik veroorsaak deur) die grootskaalse beweging van mense in Oos-Europa en Asië. Die algemene beskouiing is dat dit begin het met die nomadiese perderuiters van Asië (veral die Huns) wat beweeg het na die ryker weivelde in die weste, wat die plaaslike nasies gedwing het gedwing het om ook verder wes te trek en so aan totdat die Gote gedwing is om tot oor die grense van die Romeinse Ryk te beweeg, wat gelei het tot voortdurende oorlog met Rome, wat 'n rol gespeel het in die ondergang van die Romeinse ryk. Gedurende hierdie tydperk was daar grootskaalse bewegings van volkere wat nuwe kolonies oor die hele wes-Europa gevestig het. Die gebeure van hierdie tyd het gelei tot die ontwikkeling van baie van die moderne nasies van Europ soos die Franke in Frankryk en Duitsland en die Angel-Saksers in Engeland.
In West AsiaWes-Asieee, duringgedurende Sassaniddie EmpireSassanidse Ryk, somehet Persiansparty establishedPerse colonieskolonies in [[Jemen|Yemen]] anden [[Oman]] gevestig.
The Die [[Wikings|Vikings]] van of [[Skandinawië|Scandinavia]] alsohet carriedook outgrootskaalse akolonisasie large-scale colonizationuitgevoer. TheDie Vikings areis bestveral knownbekend as raiders,invallers settingen outhet fromvan theirhul originaloorspronklike homelandstuislande in [[Denemarke|Denmark]], southernsuidelike [[Noorweë|Norway]]Noorweeee anden southernsuidelike [[Swede]]n, tobeweegxx pillageom thedie coastlineskuslyne ofvan northernnoordelike EuropeEuropa te plunder. InMettertyd time, thehet Vikings beganbegin trading,handel anddryf establisheden colonieshet kolonies gevestig. TheDie Vikings discoveredhet [[Ysland|Iceland]] andontdek en kolonies establisheddaar coloniesgevestig beforevoordat movinghulle ontoaanbeweeg het na [[Groenland|Greenland]], wherewaar theyhet brieflyvir held'n somewyle colonieskolonies gehad het. TheDie Vikings launchedhet an'n unsuccessfulonsuksesvolle attemptpoging atvan colonizingstapel angestuur areaom they'n calledgebied wat hulle Vinland genoem het te kolonialiseer, whichwat iswaarskynlik probablydie atgebied ais sitewat nownou knownbekend asstaan as [[L'Anse aux Meadows]], [[Newfoundland en Labrador|Newfoundland and Labrador]], onaan thedie easternoorstelike coastlinekuslyn ofvan [[Kanada|Canada]].
=== ModernModerne "ColonialKolonieale Era" colonialism-kolonialisme ===
"ColonialismKolonialisme" in thishierdie contextkonteks refersverwys mostlyhoofsaaklik tona WesternWes-Europese Europeanlande countries'se colonizationkolonialisme van ofgrond landswat mainlyoorwegend in thedie AmericasAmerikas, AfricaAfrika, AsiaAsieee anden Oceania;Oseaneeee is. TheDie mainvername Europeanlande countrieswat activeaktief inwas thisiin formhierdie ofvorm colonizationvan includedkolonialisasie is onder meer [[Spanje|Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Frankryk|France]], thedie [[Koninkryk van Engeland|Kingdom, ofdie England]],Nederlande theen [[Nederland|Netherlands]],sedert and,die beginningbegin invan thedie 18th18de centuryeeu, [[Koninkryk van Groot-Brittanje|Great Britain]]en anddie the [[Verenigde State. vanDie Amerika|Unitedmeeste States]].van Mosthierdie oflande thesehet countriesin had'n astadium period'n oftydperk almostvan completebyna powervolledige inbeheer worldoor tradedie atwêreldhandel some stage inen thedie era fromvan roughlyomstreeks 1500 totot 1900. BeginningIn indie thelaat late19de 19theeu century,het ImperialImperiale Japan alsoook engagedbegin inom settlerby colonizationsetlaarkolonisasie betrokke te raak, most notablyvernaamlik in [[Hokkaido]] and en [[Korea]].
SomeParty reportsverslae characterizetipeer [[Volksrepubliek China|Chinese]] activitiesbydrywighede in Tibet as colonizationkolonsasie.<ref>''The Great Tibetan Stonewall of China'', [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1902681118 ISBN 1-902681-11-81902681118], page 141
</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=China's Tibet: The World's Largest Remaining Colony: Report of a Fact-Finding Mission and Analyses of Colonialism and Chinese Rule in Tibet|year=1997|publisher=[[UNPO]] (Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)|location=The Hague}}</ref>
WhileHoeel manybaie EuropeanEuropese colonizationkolonisasiestelsels schemesgefokus was focusedop ondie shorterkorttermyn-termontginning exploitationvan ofekonomiese economicgeleenthede opportunities(byvoorbeeld (Newfoundland, forof example,Siberiee) orof [[Siberië|Siberia]])gegaan orhet addressedoor specificspesifieke goalsdoelwitte ([[Massachusetts]] orof [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis|New South Wales]]), ahet traditiontradisie developedontwikkel ofvan carefulsorgvuldige longlangtermyn-term socialsosiale anden economicekonomiese planningbeplanning forvir bothalbei partiespartye, butmaar moreveral ondeur thedie colonizinggekolonialiseerde countriesland themselvesself, basedgegrond onop elaborateuitvoerige theory-buildingteorieskepping (notekyk Jamesmaar Oglethorpe'sna ColonyJames ofOglethorp se Georgia-kolonie in thedie 1730s and1730's en Edward Gibbon Wakefield's se New ZealandNieu-Seeland in the 1840sdie 1840's).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Morgan|first1=Philip D.|authorlink1=Philip D. Morgan|editor1-last=Morgan|editor1-first=Philip D.|editor1-link=Philip D. Morgan|title=African American Life in the Georgia Lowcountry: The Atlantic World and the Gullah Geechee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7X-sIs5sBQC|chapter=Lowcountry Georgia and the Early Modern Atlantic World, 1733-ca. 1820|accessdate=2013-08-04|series=Race in the Atlantic World, 1700–19001700-1900 Series|year=2011|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-4307-59780820343075|page=16|quote=[…...] Georgia represented a break with the past. As one scholar has noted. it was 'a preview of the later doctrines of "systematic colonization" advocated by Edward Gibbon Wakefield and others for the settlement of Australia and New Zealand.' In contrast to such places as Jamaica and South Carolina, the trustees intended Georgia as 'a regular colony', orderly, methodical, disciplined […...]}}</ref>
== ModernModerne colonizationkolonisasie ==
[[LêerFile:World 1898 empires colonies territoryWorld_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png|regs|duimnael|WorldWêreldryke empiresen andkolonies colonies 1898]]
Kolonisasie kan gebruik word as 'n metode om uitheemse mense in die kultuur van die imperiële land te absorbeer en assimileer, en sodoende enige oorblyfsel van die kulture wat die imperiële grondgebied dalk op langtermyn kan bedreig, vernietig deur hervorming te inspireer.
Colonization may be used as a method of absorbing and assimilating foreign people into the culture of the imperial country, and thus destroying any remnant of the cultures that might threaten the imperial territory over the long term by inspiring reform.
=== RussiaRusland ===
Gedurende die Russiese Ryk is 'n beleid van Russifikasie gevolg, ten einde die Russiese taal en kultuur op die mense in die verowerde gebied reg langs Rusland self af te dwing. Die Russiese Ryk het beoog om op hierdie manier sy grondgebied geleidelik, en permanent, te vergroot deur uitheemse kulture uit te wis. Uitheemse tale binne sy grondgebied is verban, asook uitheemse godsdienste.
During the [[Russiese Ryk|Russian Empire]], a policy of Russification was followed, in order to impose the Russian language and culture on conquered people in territory adjacent to Russia itself. In this way, the Russian Empire aimed to gradually, and permanently, expand its territory by erasing foreign cultures{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}. Foreign languages within its territory were banned, as were foreign religions.
{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}
TheDie Soviet regimeSowjet-bewind in thedie 1920s1920's triedhet todie winvertroue thevan trustnie-Russe ofprobeer non-Russianswen bydeur promotinghul theiretniese ethnickulture culturesaan andte establishingmoedig foren themvir manyhulle ofbaie thevan characteristicdie institutionalkenmerkende formsinstitusionele ofvorme thevan nation-statedie nasiestaat te vestig. <ref name="Terry Martin 2001 1">{{cite book|author=Terry Martin|title=The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–19391923-1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdlSX2hsb1kC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=%22institutional%20forms%20of%20the%20nation-state%22&f=false|year=2001|publisher=Cornell University press|page=1}}</ref> Die Thevroeë early Soviet regimeSowjet-bewind was hostilevyandig toteenoor evenselfs voluntaryvrywillige assimilationassimilasie, anden triedhet toprobeer derussifyop assimilatedgeassimileerde nonnie-RussiansRusse probeer onrussifiseer.<ref name="Terry Martin 2001 32">{{cite book|author=Terry Martin|title=The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–19391923-1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdlSX2hsb1kC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=snippet&q=%22measures%20of%20derussification%22&f=false|year=2001|publisher=Cornell University press|page=32}}</ref> Ouers Parentsen andstudente studentswat notnie interesteddaarin inbelang thegestel promotionhet ofom theirhul nationalnasionale languagestale werete labeledbevorder nie, is bestempel as displayingdat hulle "abnormalabnormale attitudeshoudings" ten toon stel. TheDie authoritiesowerhede concludedhet thattot minoritiesdie unawaregevolgtrekking ofgekom theirdat ethnicitiesminderhede hadwat toonbewus beis subjectedvan tohul Belarusizationetnisiteit, Yiddishizationonderwerp moet wrd aan hul Belaruslandiasie, PolonizationJiddisjiasie, Poleiasie, etcens.<ref name="Per Anders Rudling 2014 212">{{cite book|author=Per Anders Rudling|title=The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism, 1906–1931|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRrRBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=%22abnormal%20attitudes%22&f=false|year=2014|publisher=University of Pittsburgh press|page=212}}</ref>
ByTeen thedie early-1930svroeë this1930's extremehet multiculturalisthierdie policyekstreme provedmultikulturele unworkablebeleid andgeblyk theonuitvoerbaar Soviette regimewees en die Sowjet-bewind het 'n introducedbeperkte aRussifikasie limitedbekend russificationgestel<ref name="Richard Overy 2004 558">{{cite book|author=Richard Overy|title=The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=32Vy2Fj4KFUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=richard+overy+dictators&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22limited%20russification%22&f=false|year=2004|publisher=W.W Norton Company, Inc|page=558}}</ref> vir forpraktiese practical reasonsredes; voluntaryvrywillige assimilationassimilasie, whichwaarvoor wasdaar oftendikwels a'n popularaanvraag demandwas,<ref name="Terry Martin 2001 409">{{cite book|author=Terry Martin|title=The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–19391923-1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdlSX2hsb1kC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=%22long-standing%20popular%20demand%22&f=false|year=2001|publisher=Cornell University press|page=409}}</ref> is was allowedtoegelaat. TheDie listlys ofvan nationalitiesnasionaliteite wasis reducedverminder fromvan 172 in 1927 tona 98 in 1939<ref name="Richard Overy 2004 556">{{cite book|author=Richard Overy|title=The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32Vy2Fj4KFUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=richard+overy+dictators&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22limited%20russification%22&f=false|year=2004|publisher=W.W Norton Company, Inc|page=556}}</ref> deur byondersteuning revokingvan supportklein fornasies smallte nationsherroep inten ordereinde tohulle mergein themgroter intonasies biggersaam oneste smelt. For example, [[Abchasië|AbkhaziaAbkhazië]] is wasbyvoorbeeld mergedmet intoGeorgië Georgiasaamgesmelt anden thousandsduisende ofetniese ethnicGeorgiërs Georgiansis werena sentAbkhazië to Abkhaziagestuur.<ref name="George Hewitt 1999 96">{{cite book|author=George Hewitt|title=The Abkhazians: A Handbook|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=-YUfAgAAQBAJ|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|page=96}}</ref> The Die Abkhaz-alfabet alphabetis wasverander changedna to'n aGeorgiese Georgian basegrondslag, AbkhazianAbkhaziese schoolsskole wereis closedvervang andmet replacedGeorgiese withskole Georgianen schools, thedie Abkhaz-taal language wasis bannedverban.<ref>[http://abkhazworld.com/aw/history/643-summary-of-historical-events Summary of Historical Events in Abkhazian History, 1810–19931810-1993] ''Abkhaz World'', 15 October 2008, retrieved 11 September 2015.</ref> Die The rulingheersende elite wasis purgedgesuiwer ofvan ethnicetniese Abkhaziërs Abkhazen andteen by1952 1952was overmeer as 80% ofvan thedie 228 tophoogste party- anden governmentregeringsamptenare officialsen and enterprise managerssakebestuurders in Abkhazia wereAbkhazië ethnicetniese GeorgiansGeorgiërs (theredaar remainedhet 34 AbkhazAbkhaziërs, 7 RussiansRusse anden 3 ArmeniansArmeniërs in thesehierdie positionsposte oorgebly).<ref>[http://abkhazworld.com/aw/history/499-stalin-beria-terror-in-abkhazia-1936-53-by-stephen-shenfield The Stalin-Beria Terror in Abkhazia, 1936–19531936-1953, by Stephen D. Shenfield] ''Abkhaz World'', 30 June 2010, retrieved 11 September 2015.</ref>
Russe is nou uitgebeeld is mees gevorderde en mins chauvinistiese mense van die Sowjet-Unie.
Russians were now presented as the most advanced and least chauvinist people of the Soviet Union.
Etniese Russe is gestuur om verowerde gebiede te koloniseer soos Letland en Estland, terwyl plaaslike tale, godsdienste en gebruike verban of onderdruk is. Bevolkingsverskuiwing in die Sowjet-Unie is ook gebruik as sowel 'n militêre strategie om teenstand teen Sowjet-uitbreiding te smoor, of as 'n voortsetting van die Russifikasie-beleid van assimilasie, en as dit nie slaag nie, die uitwissing van etniese minderhede deur ballingskap na 'n afgeleë landstreek soos Siberië. {{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}
Ethnic Russians were sent to colonize captured territory such as [[Letland|Latvia]] and [[Estland|Estonia]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}, while local languages, religions and customs were banned or suppressed.{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}} Population transfer in the Soviet Union was also used both as a military strategy to extinguish opposition to Soviet expansion{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}, and as a continuation of the Russification policy of assimilating{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}, or failing that, eliminating ethnic minorities{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}} through exile to a distant territory such as [[Siberië|Siberia]].
==== JewishDie Joodse oblast ====
InDie 1934,Sowjet-regering thehet Sovietin government established the1934 die [[Joodse Outonome Oblast|Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] in thedie SovietSowjetse FarVerre-Ooste Eastgevestig toom create'n atuisland homelandvir fordie theJoodse Jewishmense peoplete skep. AnotherNog motive'n beweegrede was toom strengthendie SovietSowjet-teenwoordigheid presencelangs alongdie thekwesbare vulnerableoosgrens easternte borderversterk. TheDie regionstreek wasis oftendikwels infiltrateddeur bydie theChinese Chinesegeïnfiltreer; in 1927, het Shiang-Kai-Shek hadsamewerking endedmet cooperation with thedie Chinese CommunistKommunistiese Party beëindig, whichwat furtherdie increasedbedreiging theverder threatvergroot het. FascistDit het ook gelyk of die fascistiese Japan alsobereid seemeden willinggereed andgelyk readyom todie detachVerre-Oosterse theprovinsies Farvan Easterndie provincesVSSR fromlos thete USSRmaak.<ref name="Nora Levin 1990 283">{{cite book|author=Nora Levin|title=The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=1Nz0N5GBW6MC|year=1990|publisher=New York University Press|page=283}}</ref> Om Todie makeverstiging settlementin ofdie theonherbergsame inhospitableen andonontwikkelde undevelopedstreek regionmeer moreaanloklik enticingte maak, thehet Sovietdie governmentSowjet-regering allowedte private ownershipeienaarskap ofvan grond landtoegelaat. ThisDit ledhet todaartoe manygelei non-Jewsdat tobaie settlenie-Jode hulself in thedie oblast togevestig het om 'n getgratis aplaas freete farmkry.<ref name="Richard Overy 2004 567">{{cite book|author=Richard Overy|title=The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=32Vy2Fj4KFUC|year=2004|publisher=W.W Norton Company, Inc|page=567}}</ref>
ByTeen thedie 1930s,1930's ais massive'n propagandaenorme campaignpropagandaveldtog developedontwikkel toom inducemeet moreJoodse Jewishsetlaars settlerste tooorreed moveom theredaarheen te trek. In oneeen instance,geval ais government-produced'n YiddishJiddisje filmrolprent calledwat mense die regering se geld gemaak is, ''Seekers of Happiness,'' die toldverhaal thevan story'n ofJoodse agesin Jewishwat familyvan thatdie fled the [[Groot Depressie|Great Depression]] in thedie [[VerenigdeVervenigde State vanontvlug Amerika|Unitedom States]]'n tonuwe makelewe ain Birobidzhan newte life for itself in Birobidzhanskep. SomeSowat 1,200 nonSowjet-SovietJode Jewshet chosebesuit toom settlehulle in Birobidzhan te vestig.<ref name="jewishmag.com">Arthur Rosen, [www./75mag/birobidzhan/birobidzhan.htm], February 2004</ref> Die TheJoodse Jewishbevolking population peakedhet in 1948 at'n hoogtepunt van aroundsowat 30,000 bereik, aboutsowat one-quarter'n ofkwart thevan region'sdie populationstreek se bevolking. ByTeen 2010, accordingvolgens tosyfers datavan provided by the Russiandie CensusRussiese Bureausensusburo, thereas weredaar onlynet 1,628 peoplemense ofvan JewishJoodse descent remainingafkoms in thedie JAOJOO oor (1% ofvan thedie totaltotale populationbevolking), whileterwyl ethnicetniese Russians made upRusse 92.,7% ofvan thedie JAOJOO populationse bevolking uitmaak. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab7.xls|title=Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года|accessdate=2013-04-19}}</ref> TheDie JAO JOO is Russia'sRusland se onlyenigste autonomousoutonome oblast<ref>[[://en:Constitution.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Russian_Federation of the Russian Federation|Constitution of the Russian Federation]], Article 65</ref> and en, aside ofbenewens Israel, thedie world'swêreld onlyse Jewishenigste territoryJoodse withgebied anmet officialamptelike status.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite journal|author=Спектор Р., руководитель Департамента Евро-Азиатского Еврейского конгресса (ЕАЕК) по связям с общественностью и СМИ|title=Биробиджан — terra incognita?|оригинал=|url=http://www.nasledie-eao.ru/services/nayka/scientific-practical-conference/bir_proekt_konf_2007.pdf#page=18|editor=под ред. Гуревич В.С.|editor2=Рабинович А.Я.|editor3=Тепляшин А.В.|editor4=Воложенинова Н.Ю.|agency=Правительство Еврейской автономной области|journal=Биробиджанский проект (опыт межнационального взаимодействия): сборник материалов научно-практической конференции|location=Биробиджан|publisher=ГОУ "Редакция газеты [[Биробиджанер Штерн]]"|year=2008|page=20}}</ref>
=== Expatriate colonies ===
=== Endo-colonization ===
Colonization may be a domestic strategy when there is a widespread security threat within a nation and weapons are turned inward, as noted by Paul Virilio:
: Obsession with security results in the ''endo-colonization'' of society: endo-colonization is the use of increasingly powerful and ubiquitous technologies of security turned ''inward'', to attempt to secure the fast and messy circulations of our globalizing, networked society…it is the increasing domination of public life with stories of dangerous otherness and suspicion…<ref>Mark Lacy (2014) ''Security, Technology and Global Politics, thinking with Virilio'', page 20, Routledge [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415576048 ISBN 978-0-415-57604-8]</ref>
Some instances of the burden of endo-colonization have been noted:
: The acute difficulties of the Latin American and southern European military-bureaucratic dictatorships in the seventies and early eighties and the Soviet Union in the late eighties can in large part be attributed to the economic, political and social contradictions induced by endo-colonizing militarism.<ref>[[://en:Tim.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Luke Luke|Tim Luke]] & [[://en:Gearoid.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearoid_O_Tuathail O Tuathail|Gearoid O Tuathail]] (2000) "Thinking Geopolitical Space: The spatiality of of war, speed and vision in the work of Paul Virilio", in ''Thinking Space'', [[://en:Mike.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Crang Crang|Mike Crang]] & [[://en:Nigel.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Thrift Thrift|Nigel Thrift]] editors, [[://en:.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge| Routledge]], quote page 368</ref>
== Hypothetical or fictional types of colonization ==
The hypothetical permanent habitation of locations in Earth's [[Oseaan|oceans]] is called ''ocean colonization''.
Related ideas such as the floating city are much less hypothetical –- funds are presently being sought to build several large ships that would have permanent populations of up to 50,000 people each.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}
=== Space colonization ===
== Aantekeninge en verwysings ==
{{VerwysingsReflist|2}}
| 