Ganumedes (maan): Verskil tussen weergawes

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Uitgebrei, besig
Uitgebrei, besig
Lyn 36:
| temperatures = yes
| temp_name1 = [[Kelvin]]
| max_temp_1 = 152
| max_temp_1 = 152<ref name=Orton1996>{{cite journal|last=Orton|first=G.S.|title=Galileo Photopolarimeter-radiometer observations of Jupiter and the Galilean Satellites|journal=Science|year=1996|volume=274|issue=5286|pages=389&ndash;391|bibcode=1996Sci...274..389O|doi=10.1126/science.274.5286.389|author2=Spencer, G.R.|last3=Travis|first3=L.D.|display-authors=2|last4=Martin|first4=T. Z.|last5=Tamppari|first5=L. K.}}</ref>
| mean_temp_1 = 110<ref name=Delitsky1998>{{cite journal|last=Delitsky|first=Mona L.|coauthors=Lane, Arthur L. |title=Ice chemistry of Galilean satellites|journal=J.of Geophys. Res.|year=1998|volume=103|issue=E13| pages=31,391&ndash;31,403|doi=10.1029/1998JE900020| url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/20675/1/98-1725.pdf|format=PDF|bibcode=1998JGR...10331391D}}</ref>
| min_temp_1 = 70<ref name=Delitsky1998/>
Lyn 100:
 
’n Kater met die naam Anat is ’n verwysingspunt vir lengtegrade op Ganymede. Anat is by lengtegraad 128°.<ref name="iau.table2" /> Lengtegraad 0° wys direk na Jupiter en, tensy anders vermeld, neem die lengtegrade weswaarts toe.<ref name="targetcoordsys" />
 
====Ondergrondse oseane====
[[Beeld:Ganymede diagram.svg|thumb|300px|’n Kunstenaar se voorstelling van die interne struktuur van Ganymedes. Lae is volgens skaal.]]
 
In die 1970's het [[Nasa]]-wetenskaplikes die eerste keer vermoed Ganymedes het ’n diep oseaan tussen twee yslae, een op die oppervlak en een onder ’n vloeibare oseaan en op die rotsagtige mantel.<ref name="Showman1999" /><ref name="clubsandwich 2014" /><ref name="Sohl2002" /><ref name="Freeman2006" /><ref name="amount of water in ocean" /> In die 1990's het Nasa se Galileo-sending verby Ganymedes gevlieg en bevestig dat die maan ’n ondergrondse oseaan het. ’n Ontleding is in 2014 gepubliseer wat die realistiese termodinamika vir water en die uitwerking van sout in ag geneem het. Dit het daarop gedui dat Ganymedes verskeie oseaanlae het wat geskei word deur verskillende fases van ys, met die laagste vloeistoflaag teenaan die mantel.<ref name="clubsandwich 2014" /><ref name="Vance" /><ref name="NASA-20140501c" /><ref name="Hubble 2015" /> Die kontak tussen water en rots kan ’n belangrike rol speel in die oorsprong van lewe.<ref name="clubsandwich 2014" />
 
Die ontleding het ook aangedui dat die uiterste dieptes wat betrokke is (~800&nbsp;km tot die rotsagtige "rotsbodem") beteken die temperatuur op die bodem van ’n oseaan tot 40&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] hoër kan wees as dié by die ys-water-skeidingsvlak. In Maart 2015 het wetenskaplikes berig metings met die [[Hubble-ruimteteleskoop]] van hoe die [[Aurora (astronomie)|auroras]] oor Ganymedes se oppervlak beweeg, dui op die bestaan van ’n ondergrondse oseaan. ’n Groot soutwateroseaan beïnvloed die maan se magneetveld en gevolglik sy aurora.<ref name="Ocean Hubble"/><ref name="Hubble 2015"/><ref name="sciencedaily1503" /><ref name="sswater1" /> Die getuienis het getoon Ganymedes se oseane kan die grootste in die hele Sonnestelsel wees.<ref name='Sci Am 2017'>[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/overlooked-ocean-worlds-fill-the-outer-solar-system/ Overlooked Ocean Worlds Fill the Outer Solar System]. John Wenz, ''Scientific American''. 4 Oktober 2017.</ref>
 
Daar is gissings oor die moontlike bewoonbaarheid van Ganymedes se oseaan.<ref name="amount of water in ocean"/><ref name="subsurface ocean found" />
 
==Verkenning==
[[File:Ganymede from Pioneer 10 19.jpg|thumb|180px|Ganymedes soos gesien deur [[Pioneer 10]] (1973).]]
 
Verskeie ruimtetuie wat verby Jupiter gevlieg of om die planeet gewentel het, het Ganymedes van naderby beskou – onder meer tydens vier verbyvlugte in die 1970's en verskeie in die 1990's tot 2000's. [[Pioneer 10]] was in 1973 naby die maan en [[Pioneer 11]] in 1974.<ref name="Pioneer 11" /> Hulle het inligting teruggestuur oor onder meer fisiese eienskappe.<ref name="chap6" /> Pioneer 10 se naaste afstand was 446&nbsp;250&nbsp;km.<ref name="dmu.p10" />
 
[[Voyager 1]] en [[Voyager 2]] was volgende, in 1979. Hulle het die grootte van die maan gemeet en onthul dit is groter as Titan, wat voorheen geglo is groter is.<ref name="Voyager" /> Die gegroefde terrein is ook waargeneem.<ref name="Voyager Mission" />
 
In 1995 het [[Galileo]] om Jupiter begin wentel en tussen 1996 en 2000 ses naby verbyvlugte van Ganymedes onderneem.<ref name="The Grand Tour" /> Die naaste afstand was 264&nbsp;km van Ganymedes se oppervlak af.<ref name="Kivelson2002" /> Tydens ’n verbyvlug in 1996 is die maan se maagneetveld ontdek,<ref name="Magnetic Field Discovery" /> terwyl die ontdekking van die oseaan in 2001 aangekondig is.<ref name="Kivelson2002" /><ref name="The Grand Tour" /> Galileo het ook verskeie verbindings ontdek wat nie yse is nie.<ref name="McCord1998" /> Die laaste naby waarnemings van Ganymedes is deur [[New Horizons]] gemaak, wat in 2007 op pad na [[Pluto]] data oor die [[topografie]]se eienskappe en verbindings op Europa en Ganymedes verskaf het.<ref name="New Horizons" /><ref name="Grundy2007" />
 
==Verwysings==
'''Besig, sal nog regkom'''
{{verwys
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<ref name="cwgjupgany">{{cite web|title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot and Ganymede's shadow|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1431a/|website=www.spacetelescope.org|publisher=ESA/Hubble|accessdate=31 October 2014}}</ref>
 
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* [http://www.nineplanets.org/ganymede.html Ganymede page] at ''The Nine Planets''
 
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<ref name="sciencedaily1503">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150312112112.htm</ref>
 
<ref name="subsurface ocean found">{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/ganymede-oceans-on-jupiters-moon-could-have-been-home-to-alien-life-10106286.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150313232038/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/ganymede-oceans-on-jupiters-moon-could-have-been-home-to-alien-life-10106286.html| archive-date= 2015-05-13| deadurl= yes| title=Ganymede: oceans on Jupiter's moon could have been home to alien life | publisher=The Independent | date=March 13, 2015 | accessdate= 2018-02-19 | author=Griffin, Andrew}}</ref>
 
<ref name="sswater1">{{cite journal | last1 = Saur | first1 = Joachim | last2 = Duling | first2 = Stefan | last3 = Roth | first3 = Lorenz | last4 = Jia | first4 = Xianzhe | last5 = Strobel | first5 = Darrell F. | last6 = Feldman | first6 = Paul D. | last7 = Christensen | first7 = Ulrich R. | last8 = Retherford | first8 = Kurt D. | last9 = McGrath | first9 = Melissa A. | last10 = Musacchio | first10 = Fabrizio | last11 = Wennmacher | first11 = Alexandre | last12 = Neubauer | first12 = Fritz M. | last13 = Simon | first13 = Sven | last14 = Hartkorn | first14 = Oliver | year = 2015 | title = The Search for a Subsurface Ocean in Ganymede with Hubble Space Telescope Observations of its Auroral Ovals | url = | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics | volume = 120| issue = | pages = 1715–1737| doi = 10.1002/2014JA020778 |bibcode = 2015JGRA..120.1715S }}</ref>
 
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}}