Kastrasie: Verskil tussen weergawes
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Lyn 31:
In 1952 is [[Alan Turing]], die vader van rekenaarwetenskap en die uitvinder van die Turingmasjien, vervolg vir [[Homoseksualiteit|homoseksuele dade]] en het hy chemiese kastrasie bo gevangenisstraf verkies.
===China===
Rekords van kastrasie in China dateer uit die [[Shang-dinastie]] (omstreeks 1700-1050 v.C.), toe die Shang-konings oorlogsgevangenes laat kastreer het.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3Y2PTI_vYYC&pg=PA136&dq=castration+captives+china#v=onepage|title=Children in slavery through the ages|author1=Gwyn Campbell |author2=Suzanne Miers |author3=Joseph Calder Miller |year=2009|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=0-8214-1877-7|page=136|accessdate=11 Januarie 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA11&dq=total+castration+in+china+mortality+rate#v=onepage|title=The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty|author=Shih-shan Henry Tsai|year=1996|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=0-7914-2687-4|page=11|accessdate=28 Junie 2010}}</ref>
Tydens die bewind van Mu van die [[Zhou-dinastie]] (10de eeu v.C.) is die wet verander sodat mense makliker gekastreer kon word in die plek van die doodstraf.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUkQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141&dq=castration+rape+china#v=snippet&q=castration%20capital%20avoid|title=China of the Chinese|author=Edward Theodore Chalmers Werner|year=1919|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|isbn=|page=146|accessdate=11 Januarie 2011}}</ref> Nie net die testikels is verwyder nie, maar al die geslagsdele is terselfdertyd met ’n mes afgesny.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3Y2PTI_vYYC&dq=korean+castrated+dog+bite&q=no+doubts+both+penis+and+testicles+were+cut+off#v=snippet&q=no%20doubts%20both%20penis%20and%20testicles%20were%20cut%20off|title=Children in slavery through the ages|author1=Gwyn Campbell |author2=Suzanne Miers |author3=Joseph Calder Miller |year=2009|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=0-8214-1877-7|page=138|accessdate=11 Januarie 2011}}</ref>
Mans is tydens die [[Qin-dinastie]] (221-206 v.C.) gekastreer en [[Slaaf|slawe]] gemaak om aan projekte soos die [[Terracottaleër]] te werk.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6U2AQAAIAAJ&q=Most+of+them+were+forced+laborers,+slaves,+and+prisoners,+'men+punished+by+castration+or+sentenced+to+penal&dq=Most+of+them+were+forced+laborers,+slaves,+and+prisoners,+'men+punished+by+castration+or+sentenced+to+penal|title=Qin Shihuang|author=Bayerischen Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege|year=2001|publisher=Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege|location=|isbn=3-87490-711-2|page=273|pages=|accessdate=2011-01-11}}</ref> Die regering het beslag gelê op die eiendom van verkragters wat as straf gekastreer is en hul familielede is slawe gemaak.<ref>{{cite book|title=The early Chinese empires: Qin and Han|author=Mark Edward Lewis|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=|isbn=0-674-02477-X|page=252|pages=|accessdate=2011-01-11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHKxM31e408C&pg=PA252&dq=recovered+Qin+documents+indicate+that+the+state+enslaved+the+women+and+children+of+anyone+sentenced+to+three+years+of+hard+labor+or+worse,+as+well+as+those+castrated+for+rape.#v=onepage&q=recovered%20Qin%20documents%20indicate%20that%20the%20state%20enslaved%20the%20women%20and%20children%20of%20anyone%20sentenced%20to%20three%20years%20of%20hard%20labor%20or%20worse%2C%20as%20well%20as%20those%20castrated%20for%20rape.}}</ref>
Ook mans wat tydens die Han-dinastie met kastrasie gestraf is, is vir slawearbeid gebruik.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IktAAAAIAAJ&q=during+this+dynasty,+those+criminals+who+were+punished+with+castration+were+assigned+to+work+in+the&dq=during+this+dynasty,+those+criminals+who+were+punished+with+castration+were+assigned+to+work+in+the|title=Osiris, Volume 10|author=History of Science Society|year=1952|publisher=Saint Catherine Press|location=|isbn=|page=144|pages=|accessdate=2011-01-11}}</ref> Kastrasie is as straf vir verskeie oortredings gebruik.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1nwvKNPMWkC&pg=PA75&dq=qin+castration+slave+theft#v=onepage&q=castration%20qin|title=The History of China|author=Britannica Educational Publishing|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=1-61530-181-X|page=76|accessdate=11 Januarie 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhkRAAAAYAAJ&dq=qin+castration+slave+filial&q=castration|title=Women in traditional Chinese theater: the heroine's play|author=Qian Ma|year=2005|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=0-7618-3217-3|page=149|accessdate=11 Januarie 2011}}</ref> Die Chinese historikus Sima Qian is op bevel van die keiser gekastreer weens andersdenkende idees.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUkQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141&dq=castration+rape+china#v=snippet&q=castration%20inflicted%20li%20ling|title=China of the Chinese|author=Edward Theodore Chalmers Werner|year=1919|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|isbn=|page=152|accessdate=11 Januarie 2011}}</ref>
In die vroeë tydperk van die Ming-dinastie (1368-1644 v.C.) het China daarop aangedring dat eunugs van [[Korea]] af gestuur word as deel van die land se heffings. Sommige het toesig gehou in die harems van die Chinese keiser.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA301&dq=korean+eunuchs+ming+dynasty#v=onepage|title=The Cambridge history of China: The Ming dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1|author1=Frederick W. Mote |author2=Denis Twitchett |author3=John King Fairbank |year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=|page=976|isbn=0-521-24332-7|accessdate=2011-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA14&dq=eunuch+virgin+ming#v=onepage&q=eunuch%20virgin%20ming|title=The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty|author=Shih-shan Henry Tsai|year=1996|publisher=SUNY Press|location=|isbn=0-7914-2687-4|page=16|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
Toe die Chinese die [[Mongolië|Mongoolse]] bewind omverwerp, is baie Mongole gekastreer en as eunugs gebruik.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC5tAAAAMAAJ&q=There+is+no+record+of+how+many+Mongol+captives+were+castrated+as+a+means+of+punishment%3B+nevertheless+it+is+known+that+during+the&dq=There+is+no+record+of+how+many+Mongol+captives+were+castrated+as+a+means+of+punishment%3B+nevertheless+it+is+known+that+during+the|title=Journal of Asian history, Volume 25|year=1991|publisher=O. Harrassowitz.|isbn=|page=127|accessdate=11 Januarie 2011}}</ref> Toe die Ming-leër [[Yunnan]] eindelik in 1382 van die Mongole afneem, is duisende gevangenes doodgemaak en hul seuns – insluitende [[Zheng He]] – is gekastreer soos die gewoonte was.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/02/books/chapters/0202-1st-menzi.html</ref><ref name="google16">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA16&dq=miao+rebellion+tribe+southwest+china+ming#v=onepage|title=The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty|author=Shih-shan Henry Tsai|year=1996|publisher=SUNY Press|location=|isbn=0-7914-2687-4|page=16|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
Aan die einde van die Ming-dinastie was daar sowat 70 000 eunugs in diens van die keiser, sommige in die [[Verbode Stad]].
== Verwysings ==
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