Formosaanse tale: Verskil tussen weergawes

Die '''Formosaanse tale''' is die [[Taal|tale]] van die eiland [[Taiwan (eiland)|Taiwan]] ([[Republiek China]]) se inheemse bevolking en behoort tot die [[Austronesiese tale]]. Die deur die regering erkende Taiwanese aborigines vorm sowat 2,3% van die eiland se bevolking.<ref>{{en}} {{Webarchive|text=''The Tribes in Taiwan''. |url=http://www.apc.gov.tw/main/docDetail/detail_ethnic.jsp?cateID=A000427&linkSelf=147&linkRoot=101 |wayback=20090330214252 |archiv-bot=2018-04-10 10:36:14 InternetArchiveBot }} Council of Indigenous Peoples, Executive Yuan</ref> As gevolg van eeue se taalverskuiwing kan baie min van hulle nog die taal van hul voorvarders praat. Van die sowat 26 tale van die Taiwanese aborigines is tien reeds uitgestorwe, vier (moontlik vyf) is sterwend, en verskeie ander is op 'n vlak bedreig.<ref>{{en}} {{cite journal|last1=Zeitoun|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Yu|first2=Ching-Hua |title=The Formosan Language Archive: Linguistic Analysis and Language Processing |journal=International Journal of Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing |date=1 Julie 2005 |volume=10|issue=2 |url=http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?DocID=1027376x-200507-10-2-167-199-a#Summary |pages=167–200}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{zh}} {{cite book|last1=Li|first1=Paul Jen-kuei|last2=Tsuchida|first2=Shigeru|title=Kavalan Dictionary |date=2006|publisher=Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica|location=Taipei|isbn=9789860069938|ref=harv}}</ref>

Die inheemse tale van Taiwan is belangrik vir die historiese taalwetenskap, omdat Taiwan die plek van oorsprong vir die hele Austronesiese taalgroep vorm. Volgens die taalkundige Robert Blust vorm die Formosaanse tale nege van die tien hooftakke van die Austronesiese tale,<ref>{{en}} {{cite journal |last=Blust |first=Robert |date=1999 |title=Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics |editor1-last=Zeitoun |editor1-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Li |editor2-first=Jen-kuei |journal=Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics |publisher=Academia Sinica |location=Taipei |isbn=9789576716324 |ref=harv}}</ref> terwyl die tiende oorblywende hooftak omtrent 1&nbsp;200 [[Maleis-Polinesiese tale]] buite Taiwan bevat.<ref>{{en}} {{cite journal|last1=Diamond|first1=Jared M.|title=Taiwan's gift to the world|journal=Nature|date=17 Februarie 2000|volume=403|issue=6771|pages=709–710|doi=10.1038/35001685|pmid=10693781}}</ref> Hoewel party taalkundiges met sommige details van Blust se analise verskil, bestaan 'n breë konsensus dat die Atayaliese tale op Taiwan ontstaan het.<ref>{{en}} {{cite conference|last1=Fox|first1=James|title=Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies|journal=ANU Research Publications |conference=Symposium Austronesia, Pascasarjana Linguististik dan Kajian Budaya Universitas Udayana |place=Bali |date=19–20 Augustus 2004 |url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/43158|oclc=677432806}}</ref> Dié teorie is deur onlangse studies in die menslike bevolking se genetika versterk en ondersteun ook die matrilineêre aard van die migrasie.<ref>{{en}} {{cite journal|last1=Trejaut|first1=Jean A|last2=Kivisild|first2=Toomas|last3=Loo|first3=Jun Hun|last4=Lee|first4=Chien Liang|last5=He|first5=Chun Lin|last6=Hsu|first6=Chia Jung|last7=Li|first7=Zheng Yuan|last8=Lin|first8=Marie|last9=Penny|first9=David|title=Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations|journal=PLoS Biology|date=5 Julie 2005|volume=3|issue=8|pages=e247|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247|pmid=15984912|pmc=1166350}}</ref><ref>{{en}} Whyte, A. L. H. ''[http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/access.cgi?uri=/journals/human_biology/v077/77.2whyte.pdf "Human Evolution in Polynesia"]''. [http://wsupress.wayne.edu/journals/humanbio/humanbiologyj.html Human Biology], Volume 77, Number 2, April 2005, bl. 157–177.</ref><ref>{{en}} Underhill, P. A. ''et al.'' ''"Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific"]''. Human Mutation, Volume 17, Issue 4, bl. 271–280.</ref><ref>{{en}} Chu C. C. ''et al.'' ''[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mksg/tan/2001/00000058/00000001/art00002 "Diversity of HLA among Taiwan’s indigenous tribes and the Ivatans in the Philippines"]''. [http://journals.munksgaard.dk/tissueantigens Tissue Antigens], Volume 58, Number 1, Julie 2001, bl. 9–18(10).</ref>

Al die Formosaanse tale word bestendig deur die kultureel dominante [[Chinees]]-[[Mandaryns]] bedreig. In die onlangse dekades het die Taiwanese regering die herinvoering van die taalonderrig vir die Formosaanse tale geïnisieer.<ref>{{en}} Hui-chi Lee: ''A Survey of Language Ability, Language Use and Language Attitudes of Young Aborigines in Taiwan.'' In: Charlotte Hoffmann, Jehannes Ytsma (Hrsg.): ''Trilingualism in Family, School, and Community''. Multilingual Matters, Clevedon / Buffalo 2004, ISBN 1-85359-693-0, bl. 101–117.</ref><ref>{{en}} Greg. Huteson: [http://www.sil.org/silesr/2003/silesr2003-012.pdf ''Sociolinguistic survey report for the Tona and Maga dialects of the Rukai Language''.] (PDF; 1&nbsp;MB) SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2003-012, SIL International:Dallas TX 2003</ref> Die Formosaanse tale vorm sedert 2017 saam met [[Chinees]]-Mandaryns, [[Taiwannees]] en [[Hakka]] die [[Amptelike taal|amptelike tale]] van die Republiek China op Taiwan.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201707190019.aspx |title=President lauds efforts in transitional justice for indigenous people |publisher=Focus Taiwan |date=19 Julie 2017 |accessdate=2830 Januarie 2019}}</ref>

* {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Formosan-languages|title=Formosan languages|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2830 Januarie 2019}}