Zakaat: Verskil tussen weergawes

Die '''zakaat''' ([[Arabies]]: زكاة, ''zakāh'', [zaˈkaːh]; letterlik: "dit wat reinig";<ref>{{en}} {{cite book |author= Benda-Beckmann, Franz von |title= Social security between past and future: Ambonese networks of care and support |publisher= LIT Verlag, Münster |year=2007 |isbn= 978-3-8258-0718-4 |page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVw6QB-kTYwC&pg=PA167}}</ref> ook '''zakaat al-mal''', زكاة المال, [zaˈkaːt alˈmaːl], "zakaat op rykdom",<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.lifeusa.org/site/PageServer?pagename=r_zakah|title=Zakat Al-Maal (Tithing)|last=|first=|date=|website=Life USA|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006205721/http://www.lifeusa.org/site/PageServer?pagename=r_zakah|archive-date=6 Oktober 2016|accessdate=11 Augustus 2016}}</ref> of '''Zakah''')<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.islam101.com/dawah/zakah.htm|title=Zakah|website=www.islam101.com|accessdate=20 April 2017}}</ref> is 'n vorm van aalmoesaalmoese wat in [[Islam]] as 'n soort godsdienstige verpligting of belasting voorgeskryf word,<ref>{{en}} {{cite journal |author= Salehi, M |year=2014 |title= A Study on the Influences of Islamic Values on Iranian Accounting Practice and Development |journal= Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance |volume= 10 |issue=2 |pages= 154–182 |doi= 10.12816/0025175}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite journal |author= Lessy, Z |year=2009 |title= Zakat (alms-giving) management in Indonesia: Whose job should it be? |journal= La Riba Journal Ekonomi Islam |volume= 3 |issue=1}}</ref> wat volgens die [[Koran|Koraanse]]se rangskikking die gebed (''[[salat]]'') in belangrikheid opvolg.<ref>{{en}} {{cite book |last= Hallaq |first= Wael |title = The impossible state: Islam, politics, and modernity's moral predicament | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = [[New York Stad|New York]] | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-0-231-16256-2 | page = 123 }}</ref>

Die zakaat is die derde van die [[Vyf Pilare van die Islam]] en vorm 'n godsdienstige verpligting vir alle Moslems wat aan die nodige kriteria van rykdom voldoen.<ref>{{en}} Yusuf al-Qaradawi (1999), Monzer Kahf (vertaler), Fiqh az-Zakat, Dar al Taqwa, Londen, Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-967-5062-766}}, bl. XIX</ref> Dit is 'n verpligte liefdadigheidsbydragliefdadigheidsbydrae, wat dikwels as 'n belasting beskou word.<ref>{{en}} Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan Ṭūsī (2010), ''Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions'', {{ISBN|978-1904063292}}, bl. 131–135</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite journal| author= Hefner R.W. |year=2006 |title= Islamic economics and global capitalism |journal= Society |volume= 44 |issue=1 |pages= 16–22 |doi= 10.1007/bf02690463 }}</ref> Die betaling van en die geskille oor die zakaat het 'n belangrike rol in die geskiedenis van Islam gespeel, veral tydens die Ridda-oorloë.<ref>{{en}} Bonner, Michael (2003), ''Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791457382}}, bl. 15</ref><ref>{{en}} Shoufani, Elias (1973), ''Al-Riddah and the Muslim Conquest of Arabia'', University of Toronto Press, {{ISBN|978-0802019158}}</ref>

Vandag is die zakaat-bydrae in die meeste lande met 'n Moslem-meerderheid vrywillig, terwyl dit in 'n handvol lande ([[Jemen]], [[Libië]], [[Maleisië]], [[Pakistan]], [[Saoedi-Arabië]], [[Soedan]]), deur die staat bestuur en ingesamel word.<ref>{{en}} {{cite book|author1=Marty, Martin E. |author2=Appleby, R. Scott |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Fundamentalisms and the state: remaking polities, economies, and militance|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-226-50884-9|page=320|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doCmVaOnh_wC&pg=PA320}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite book|author=Samiul Hasan|title=Human Security and Philanthropy: Islamic Perspectives and Muslim Majority Country Practices|publisher=Springer|year=2015|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JVwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130|isbn=978-1-4939-2525-4}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite book|author1=Sohrab Behdad|author2=Farhad Nomani|title=Islam and the moral economy: the challenge of capitalism|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|page=268|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQWAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT268|isbn=978-1-134-20674-2}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite book|author=Tripp, Charles|title=Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-86377-3|page=125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFhyZ28it0AC&pg=PA125}}</ref> Daar is regeringsbeheerde vrywillige ''zakaat''-bydraeprogramme in [[Bahrein]], [[Bangladesj]], [[Egipte]], [[Indonesië]], [[Iran]], [[Jordanië]], [[Koeweit]], [[Libanon]] en die [[Verenigde Arabiese Emirate]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite journal|last1=Powell|first1=Russell|title=Zakat: Drawing Insights for Legal Theory and Economic Policy from Islamic Jurisprudence|journal=University of Pittsburgh Tax Review|date=2009|volume=7|issue=43|ssrn=1351024|accessdate=|url=https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1089&context=faculty}}</ref>

Naas die term ''"zakaat''" word soms ook die term ''"sadaqa'' (''ṣadaqa'')" gebruik,<ref>{{en}} Thomas H. Weir / Aaron Zysow: Art. "ṣadaqa", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2dr uitgawe, Bd. 8 (1995), bl. 708–716, hier 708.</ref> maar dít verwys veral na 'n vrywillige offer, in teenstelling met die verpligte zakaat. Volgens Moslemse kommentators mag die wettige belasting net vir Moslems aangewend word, terwyl 'n vrywillige aalmoese ook vir nie-Moslems gegee kan word.<ref>{{en}} Fakhr ad-Din al-Razi: Mafatih al-ghayb, Band VIII, 16, bl. 117, Beiroet 1990, en Raschid Rida: Tafsir al-Manar, Band X, bl. 293. Aangehaal in: Adel Theodor Khoury, Der Koran, Band 7, bl. 347.</ref>