Kastrasie: Verskil tussen weergawes
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[[Beeld:Castration.jpg|duimnael|160px|Kastrasie as ’n straf in die 16de eeu.]]
'''Kastrasie''' (ook genoem sterilisasie, ontmanning, ovariëktomie, ens.) is enige manier – snykundig, chemies of andersins – waardeur ’n manlike mens of dier die funksie van die [[testikel]]s of ’n vroulike mens of dier die funksie van die [[eierstok]]ke verloor.
Met snykundige kastrasie word die testikels met [[chirurgie]] verwyder en met chemiese kastrasie word die testikels met chemiese middels gedeaktiveer. Kastrasie veroorsaak sterilisasie, wat meebring dat die persoon of dier nie meer kan voortplant nie; dit verminder ook die vervaardiging van sekere [[Hormoon|hormone]] soos [[testosteroon]] en [[estrogeen]]. Die uitwerking van die afname in laasgenoemde is aansienlik dwarsdeur ’n vrou se liggaam.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Prophylactic oophorectomy in pre-menopausal women and long term health – a review | pmc=2585770 | pmid=18714076 | doi=10.1258/mi.2008.008016 | volume=14 | date=September 2008 | journal=Menopause Int | pages=111–6 | last1 = Shuster | first1 = LT | last2 = Gostout | first2 = BS | last3 = Grossardt | first3 = BR | last4 = Rocca | first4 = WA}}</ref>
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==Geskiedenis==
Kastrasie is dikwels in sekere kulture in [[Europa]], [[Afrika]] en [[Suid-Asië|Suid-]] en [[Oos-Asië]] om godsdienstige of sosiale redes gebruik. Sommige volke het ná ’n veldslag die gevangenes of lyke van die verloorders gekastreer om hul oorwinning te simboliseer. Gekastreerde mans ([[eunug]]s) is dikwels gebruik as personeel in burokrasieë en paleise, veral in [[harem]]s.
In [[China]] het eunugs in baie tydperke soms die mag oorgeneem, veral in die latere [[Han-dinastie|Han-]], laat [[Tang-dinastie|Tang-]] en laat [[
In antieke tye is beide die penis en testikels dikwels verwyder. Dit het groot gevaar ingehou aangesien die gekastreerde man hom kon doodbloei of infeksie kon intree. In sommige state soos die [[Bisantynse Ryk]] is dit as dieselfde as doodstraf beskou.
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===Europa===
[[Beeld:The Mutiliation of Uranus by Saturn.jpg|duimnael|320px|''Die kastrasie van [[Uranos]]'', fresko deur Vasari & Cristofano Gherardi, omstreeks 1560 ([[Florence]]).]]
In die [[Griekse mitologie]] het [[Kronos]] sy pa, [[Uranos]], gekastreer nadat laasgenoemde die [[Sikloop|siklope]] en [[honderdhandige]]s laat opsluit het.
Edward Gibbon se ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''<ref>[https://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/g#a375 ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''] author record at [[Project Gutenberg]]. Based on the Rev. H.H. Milman edition of 1845.</ref> vertel hoe die [[Normandië
In die [[Middeleeuse]] [[Georgië|Koninkryk Georgië]] is die troonsteler Demna deur sy oom George III laat kastreer om die oorheersing van George se tak van die familie te verseker.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eastmond|first=Antony|title=Royal imagery in medieval Georgia|year=1998|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|location=University Park, Pa.|isbn=0271016280|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KPdSQU-Bx4C&pg=PA107 }}</ref>
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Tydens die bewind van Mu van die [[Zhou-dinastie]] (10de eeu v.C.) is die wet verander sodat mense makliker gekastreer kon word in die plek van die doodstraf.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUkQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141&dq=castration+rape+china#v=snippet&q=castration%20capital%20avoid|title=China of the Chinese|author=Edward Theodore Chalmers Werner|year=1919|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|isbn=|page=146|accessdate=11 Januarie 2011}}</ref> Nie net die testikels is verwyder nie, maar al die geslagsdele is terselfdertyd met ’n mes afgesny.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3Y2PTI_vYYC&dq=korean+castrated+dog+bite&q=no+doubts+both+penis+and+testicles+were+cut+off#v=snippet&q=no%20doubts%20both%20penis%20and%20testicles%20were%20cut%20off|title=Children in slavery through the ages|author1=Gwyn Campbell |author2=Suzanne Miers |author3=Joseph Calder Miller |year=2009|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=0-8214-1877-7|page=138|accessdate=11 Januarie 2011}}</ref>
Mans is tydens die [[Qin-dinastie]] (221-206 v.C.) gekastreer en [[Slaaf|slawe]] gemaak om aan projekte soos die [[Terracottaleër]] te werk.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6U2AQAAIAAJ&q=Most+of+them+were+forced+laborers,+slaves,+and+prisoners,+'men+punished+by+castration+or+sentenced+to+penal&dq=Most+of+them+were+forced+laborers,+slaves,+and+prisoners,+'men+punished+by+castration+or+sentenced+to+penal|title=Qin Shihuang|author=Bayerischen Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege|year=2001|publisher=Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege|location=|isbn=3-87490-711-2|page=273|pages=|accessdate=2011-01-11}}</ref> Die regering het beslag gelê op die eiendom van verkragters wat as straf gekastreer is en hul familielede is slawe gemaak.<ref>{{cite book|title=The early Chinese empires: Qin and Han|author=Mark Edward Lewis|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=|isbn=0-674-02477-X|page=252|pages=|accessdate=2011-01-11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHKxM31e408C&pg=PA252&dq=recovered+Qin+documents+indicate+that+the+state+enslaved+the+women+and+children+of+anyone+sentenced+to+three+years+of+hard+labor+or+worse,+as+well+as+those+castrated+for+rape.#v=onepage&q=recovered%20Qin%20documents%20indicate%20that%20the%20state%20enslaved%20the%20women%20and%20children%20of%20anyone%20sentenced%20to%20three%20years%20of%20hard%20labor%20or%20worse%2C%20as%20well%20as%20those%20castrated%20for%20rape.}}</ref>
Ook mans wat tydens die Han-dinastie met kastrasie gestraf is, is vir slawearbeid gebruik.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IktAAAAIAAJ&q=during+this+dynasty,+those+criminals+who+were+punished+with+castration+were+assigned+to+work+in+the&dq=during+this+dynasty,+those+criminals+who+were+punished+with+castration+were+assigned+to+work+in+the|title=Osiris, Volume 10|author=History of Science Society|year=1952|publisher=Saint Catherine Press|location=|isbn=|page=144|pages=|accessdate=2011-01-11}}</ref> Kastrasie is as straf vir verskeie oortredings gebruik.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1nwvKNPMWkC&pg=PA75&dq=qin+castration+slave+theft#v=onepage&q=castration%20qin|title=The History of China|author=Britannica Educational Publishing|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=1-61530-181-X|page=76|accessdate=11 Januarie 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhkRAAAAYAAJ&dq=qin+castration+slave+filial&q=castration|title=Women in traditional Chinese theater: the heroine's play|author=Qian Ma|year=2005|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=0-7618-3217-3|page=149|accessdate=11 Januarie 2011}}</ref> Die Chinese historikus Sima Qian is op bevel van die keiser gekastreer weens andersdenkende idees.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUkQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141&dq=castration+rape+china#v=snippet&q=castration%20inflicted%20li%20ling|title=China of the Chinese|author=Edward Theodore Chalmers Werner|year=1919|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|isbn=|page=152|accessdate=11 Januarie 2011}}</ref>
In die vroeë tydperk van die Ming-dinastie (1368-1644 v.C.) het China daarop aangedring dat eunugs van [[Korea]] af gestuur word as deel van die land se heffings. Sommige het toesig gehou in die harems van die Chinese keiser.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA301&dq=korean+eunuchs+ming+dynasty#v=onepage|title=The Cambridge history of China: The Ming dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1|author1=Frederick W. Mote |author2=Denis Twitchett |author3=John King Fairbank |year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=|page=976|isbn=0-521-24332-7|accessdate=2011-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA14&dq=eunuch+virgin+ming#v=onepage&q=eunuch%20virgin%20ming|title=The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty|author=Shih-shan Henry Tsai|year=1996|publisher=SUNY Press|location=|isbn=0-7914-2687-4|page=16|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
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