Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Verskil tussen weergawes

Hegel made the distinction between civil society and state in his ''[[Elements of the Philosophy of Right]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/preface.htm |title=Hegel's Philosophy of Right: Preface |last=Hegel, G. W. F. |website=www.marxists.org |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511060232/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/preface.htm |archive-date=11 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In this work, civil society (Hegel used the term "''bürgerliche Gesellschaft''" though it is now referred to as ''Zivilgesellschaft'' in German to emphasize a more inclusive community) was a stage in the [[dialectical|dialectical relationship]] that occurs between Hegel's perceived opposites, the macro-community of the [[State (polity)|state]] and the micro-community of the family.<ref>Pelczynski, A.Z.; 1984; 'The Significance of Hegel's separation of the state and civil society' pp1-13 in Pelczynski, A.Z. (ed.); 1984; ''The State and Civil Society''; Cambridge University Press</ref> Broadly speaking, the term was split, like Hegel's followers, to the [[political left]] and [[political right|right]]. On the left, it became the foundation for [[Karl Marx]]'s civil society as an [[base and superstructure|economic base]];<ref name="glob">{{cite journal | last = Zaleski | first = Pawel | authorlink = | title = Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality | journal = Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte | volume = 50 | issue = | pages = | year = 2008 | url = | doi = | id = | accessdate = }}</ref> to the right, it became a description for all non-state (and the state is the peak of the objective spirit) aspects of society, including culture, society and politics. This liberal distinction between [[political society]] and [[civil society]] was followed by [[Alexis de Tocqueville]].<ref name="glob" /> In fact, Hegel's distinctions as to what he meant by civil society are often unclear. For example, while it seems to be the case that he felt that a civil society such as the German society in which he lived was an inevitable movement of the dialectic, he made way for the crushing of other types of "lesser" and not fully realized types of civil society as these societies were not fully conscious or aware—as it were—as to the lack of progress in their societies. Thus, it was perfectly legitimate in the eyes of Hegel for a conqueror such as Napoleon to come along and destroy that which was not fully realized.

According to Hegel himself, his philosophy was consistent with Christianity.<ref>Jon Bartley Stewart. 2008. Johan Ludvig Heiberg: Philosopher, Littérateur, Dramaturge, and Political Thinker. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 100</ref> This led Hegelian philosopher, jurist and politician {{Interlanguage link multi|Carl Friedrich Göschel|de}} (1784–1861) to write a treatise demonstrating the consistency of Hegel's philosophy with the Christian doctrine of the immortality of the human soul. Göschel's book on this subject was titled ''Von den Beweisen für die Unsterblichkeit der menschlichen Seele im Lichte der spekulativen Philosophie: eine Ostergabe'' (Berlin: Verlag von Duncker und Humblot, 1835).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10043317_00005.html |title=MDZ-Reader – Band – Von den Beweisen für die Unsterblichkeit der menschlichen Seele im Lichte der spekulativen Philosophie / Göschel, Carl Friedrich |website=reader.digitale-sammlungen.de |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106225850/https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10043317_00005.html |archive-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>In the 1870s and 1880s, Rev. T. R. Vickroy and Susan E. Blow—who were both minor associates of the St. Louis Hegelians—independently of each other translated various chapters from Göschel's book into English, and had their translations published in ''The Journal of Speculative Philosophy''. ''The Journal of Speculative Philosophy'' (in print from 1867–1893) was the official journal of the St. Louis Philosophical Society. The St. Louis Philosophical Society—the organization which served as the hub of the St. Louis Hegelians—had been co-founded in January 1866 by 2 disciples of Hegel in America, William Torrey Harris (1835–1909) and [[Henry Conrad Brokmeyer]] (1826–1906). Rev. Thomas Rhys Vickroy (1833–1904), a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, had been the first president (1866–1871) of Lebanon Valley College in Annville, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. While President at Lebanon Valley College, Vickroy also held various professorships there. For example, one year he was Professor of Philosophy and the Greek Language and Literature, and another year he was Professor of Belles-Lettres and Philosophy. Susan Elizabeth Blow (1843–1916) was an educator who in 1873 opened the first successful public kindergarten in the U. S.—in the Des Peres School, in the Carondelet neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri.</ref><ref>Jon Bartley Stewart. 2008. ''Johan Ludvig Heiberg: Philosopher, Littérateur, Dramaturge, and Political Thinker''. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 105</ref>