Gees: Verskil tussen weergawes

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Wysiging soos op 10:35, 6 Julie 2020

In folklore, is 'n gees die lewensbeginsel of lewenskrag binne alle lewende dinge. Reeds in 1628 en 1633 spekuleer beide William Harvey en René Descartes dat daar êrens in die liggaam, op 'n spesiale plek, 'n 'lewensbeginsel' of 'lewenskrag' was, wat die hele liggaamlike raam animeer, soos die enjin in 'n fabriek die masjinerie daarin beweeg.^[1] Geeste word dikwels as 'n bonatuurlike wese of as ontasbare entiteite beskou; byvoorbeeld 'n demoon, spook, fee of engel.^[2] In antieke Islamitiese terminologie is 'n 'gees' (rūḥ) egter slegs van toepassing op suiwer geeste, maar nie op ander onsigbare wesens, soos jinn, Shaitan (demone) en engele.^[3]

Histories is die term 'gees' gebruik om te verwys na 'n 'subtiele' in teenstelling met 'grof' materiële stof, soos uiteengesit in die noemenswaardige laaste paragraaf van Isaac Newton se Principia Mathematica.^[4] In Die Bybel, "die Gees" (met 'n hoofletter "G"), dui spesifiek die Heilige Gees aan.

Die konsepte van gees en siel oorvleuel dikwels, en daar word geglo in sommige godsdienste dat albei liggaamlike dood oorleef.^[5] Die term "gees" kan ook die betekenis van 'n spook hê, d.w.s 'n manifestasie van die gees van 'n afgestorwe persoon. Dit word ook soms gebruik om na bewussyn of persoonlikheid te verwys.

Verwysings

↑ Michels, John (18 Januarie 1884). Science: Volume 3. Highwire Press, Jestor: American Association for the Advancement of Science. p. 75. Besoek op 10 Oktober 2019.
↑ François, Alexandre (2008), "Semantic maps and the typology of colexification: Intertwining polysemous networks across languages", in Vanhove, Martine, From Polysemy to Semantic change: Towards a Typology of Lexical Semantic Associations, Studies in Language Companion Series, 106, Amsterdam, New York: Benjamins, pp. 163–215, https://www.academia.edu/846905
↑ Chodkiewicz, M., “Rūḥāniyya”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 18 November 2019 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6323> First published online: 2010
↑ Burtt, Edwin A. (2003). Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. p. 275.
↑ OED "spirit 2.a.: The soul of a person, as commended to God, or passing out of the body, in the moment of death."

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[ref1-1] Michels, John (18 Januarie 1884). Science: Volume 3. Highwire Press, Jestor: American Association for the Advancement of Science. p. 75. Besoek op 10 Oktober 2019.

[polysemy-2] François, Alexandre (2008), "Semantic maps and the typology of colexification: Intertwining polysemous networks across languages", in Vanhove, Martine, From Polysemy to Semantic change: Towards a Typology of Lexical Semantic Associations, Studies in Language Companion Series, 106, Amsterdam, New York: Benjamins, pp. 163–215, https://www.academia.edu/846905

[ref2-3] Chodkiewicz, M., “Rūḥāniyya”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 18 November 2019 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6323> First published online: 2010

[ref3-4] Burtt, Edwin A. (2003). Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. p. 275.

[oed-5] OED "spirit 2.a.: The soul of a person, as commended to God, or passing out of the body, in the moment of death."

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