Gebruiker:Martinvl/Kongres van Wene: Verskil tussen weergawes

Content deleted Content added
Martinvl (besprekings | bydraes)
No edit summary
Martinvl (besprekings | bydraes)
No edit summary
 
Lyn 1:
The SI Brochure (ref 1) lists the symbols that should be used to represent the various units of measure, but many British publications such as the The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2016 (ref 2) use symbols and abbreviations interchangeably. What then is the difference?
Here are some abbreviations
 
The difference is that an abbreviation consists of letters that form an ordered subset of the word itself, while a symbol consists of arbitrary characters that may or may not be part of the text they represent. However symbols are consistent across linguistic boundaries, abbreviations are not.
 
Perhaps the best way to compare the two is by example. A typical abbreviation is "VAT". The table below shows how ‘VAT’ and ‘Value added tax’ have been translated in other European languages by the EU translation department (ref 3):
 
<!--
Language Abbreviation Text
English VAT Value added tax
Dutch BTW Belasting over de toegevoegde waarde
French TVA Taxe sur la valeur ajoute
German MwSt Mehrwertsteuer
Greek ΦΠ&#945; φό&#961;ου π&#961;οσ&#964;&#953;θέ&#956;&#949;&#957;ης &#945;ξί&#945;ς
Spanish IVA Impuesto sobre el valor a adido
-->
 
<table border=2>
<tr style=background:#D9D9D9><td><b>Language</b></td><td><b>Abbreviation</b></td><td><b>Text</b></td>
Line 6 ⟶ 21:
<tr><td>French</td><td>TVA</td><td>Taxe sur la valeur ajoute</td></tr>
<tr><td>German</td><td>MwSt</td><td>Mehrwertsteuer</td></tr>
<tr><td>Greek</td><td>&#934;&#928;&#913;</td><td>&#966;&#972;&#961;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#964;&#953;&#952;&#941;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#951;&#962; &#945; &#958;&#943;</span>&#945;&#962;</td></tr>
<td>&#966;&#972;&#961;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#964;&#953;&#952;&#941;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#951;&#962; &#945; &#958;&#943;</span>&#945;&#962;</td></tr>
<tr><td>Spanish</td><td>IVA</td><td>Impuesto sobre el valor a adido</td></tr>
</table>
 
Now consider ‘kilometres per hour’. The text below illustrates that the symbol ‘km/h’ is universal across Europe, even though the local word meaning ‘kilometre’ might not contain a ‘k’ or the local word meaning ‘hour’ might not contain a ‘h’.
And here are some symbols
 
 
<!--
Language Symbol Text
English km/h kilometres per hour
French km/h kilomètres par heure
German km/h Kilometer pro Stunde
Greek km/h &#935;&#953;λ&#953;ό&#956;&#949;&#964;&#961;&#945; &#945;&#957;ά ώ&#961;&#945;
Italian km/h chilometri all'ora
Polish km/h kilometrach na godzinę
Portuguese km/h quilômetros por hora
Spanish km/h kilómetros por hora
-->
 
<table border=2>
<tr style=background:#D9D9D9><td><b>Language</b></td><td><b>Symbol</b></td><td><b>Text</b></td>
Line 25 ⟶ 53:
And here is the link: <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31975L0443&from=EN">Link to EU Directive</a>
 
 
(FR, DE, EL, IT, PL, PT, ES)
 
 
These tables should make it clear why symbols are of great use on road signs, but abbreviations are not.
 
References
 
Note: References 3 and 4 show the English langage version of the relevant EU directive. If the letters "EN" in the URL name are pleaced by "FR", the French version will be displayed. SImilarly, "DE", "EL", "IT", "PL", "PT" or "ES" will show the Geman, Greek, Italian, Polish, Portuguese or SPanish versions as appropriate.
 
1. SI Brochure (9th edition) (https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf)
 
2. The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2016 (https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/362/contents/made)
 
3. (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=legissum:l31057)
 
4. (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31975L0443&from=EN)
==Congress of Vienna==
[[Lêer:Congress of Vienna.PNG|duimnael|400px|Deelneemers by die Kongres van Wene