Geskiedenis van die Kaapkolonie: Verskil tussen weergawes
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{{KaapKolonie}}
Ná die oorlog weer uitgebreek het, word 'n [[Verenigde Koninkryk|Britse]] mag weereens gestuur na die Kaap. Na 'n slag in [[Januarie]] [[1806]] op die strande van [[Tafelbaai]] gee die [[Nederland]]se vesting van die [[Kasteel]] oor na die Britte onder [[David Baird|Sir David Baird]], en in [[1814]] word die kolonie afgestaan deur Nederland aan die Britse kroon. Teen daardie tyd het die kolonie gestrek tot teen die berge voor die groot sentrale plato, toe genoem "Boesmansland", en het 'n oppervlak van sowat 194,000 vierkante kilometers en 'n bevolking van sowat 60,000 gehad, waarvan 27,000 blank, 17,000 vrye [[Khoikhoi]] (Hottentotte), en die res slawe was. Hierdie slawe was meestal ingevoerde swart mense en [[Maleier]]s.
== Die Eerste
Die eerste van vele oorloë met die [[Xhosa]]s was reeds geveg teen die tyd wat die Kaapkolonie aan die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]] afgestaan is. Die Xhosas wat die koloniale grens oorgesteek het was verjaag uit die distrik tussen die [[Sondagsrivier]] en die Groot [[Visrivier]], bekend as die [[Zuurveld]], en wat 'n tipe neutrale gebied geword het. Vir 'n geruime tyd voor [[1811]] het die Xhosas reeds besit van die Zuurveld ingeneem en koloniste aangeval; in 'n poging om hulle uit te dryf het [[John Graham|Kolonel John Graham]] die area met 'n gemengde-ras leër ingeval in [[Desember]] 1811, en uiteindelik is die Xhosas tot verby die Visrivier gedryf. Op die ligging van Graham se hoofkwartiere het 'n dorp met sy naam verrys, Graham's Town, wat uiteindelik die huidige [[Grahamstad]] geword het.
Verdere opstand van die Xhosas het in [[1817]] gevolg, direk as gevolg van 'n poging deur die koloniale owerhede om terugbetaling te eis van gesteelde vee. Op [[22 April]] [[1817]], onder leiding van die profeet-stamhoof [[Makana]], het hulle Grahamstad aangeval, toe deur 'n handvol blanke troepe beset; hulp het betyds aangekom en die vyand is teruggedryf. Daar was toe ooreengekom dat die land tussen die Vis- en [[Keiskammarivier]]e neutrale gebied sou wees.
== Die Britse Settelaars van 1820 ==
Die oorlog van [[1817]] – [[1819]] het gelei tot die eerste golf Britse immigrante van 'n merkbale hoeveelheid, 'n gebeurtenis wat verreikende gevolge sou hê. Die goewerneur, [[Lord Charles Somerset]], wie se verdragsooreenkomste met die Xhosahoofde nie onderhou kon word nie, het gesmag om 'n skeiding op te rig teen die Xhosas deur blanke koloniste in die grensgebied neer te sit. In [[1820]], op aanraad van Lord Somerset, stem die parlement in om [[Britse pond|£]]50,000 te spandeer om emigrasie na die Kaap te bemark, waarna 4000 Britte oortuig is om te trek. Hierdie immigrante het die [[Albanie-nedersetting]] gestig (later [[Port Elizabeth]]) en Grahamstad hulle hoofkwartiere gemaak. Alhoewel dit eerstens bedoel was, deur Lord Somerset, as veiligheidsmaatreël van die grens en, deur die Britse regering, as 'n manier om werk vir 'n paar duisend werklose Britte te bied, het hierdie immigrasieskema se implikasies veel wyer gestrek as wat hulle bedoel het: Die nuwe settelaars, wat afkomstig is vanuit alle dele van die [[Britse Eilande]] en vanuit elke vlak van die samelewing, tesame met hul nageslag, het steeds hul lojaliteit aan Brittanje behou. Met die verloop van tyd het hulle 'n teenvoeter teen die Nederlandse koloniste gevorm.
Die aankoms van hierdie immigrante het ook die Kaap aan die [[Engelse taal]] blootgestel. Engelse taalwette is vir die eerste keer in [[1825]] afgekondig, en in [[1827]] is die gebruik daarvan uitgebrei na geregtelike handelinge. Maar Nederlands was nooit onttroon nie, en die koloniste het grootliks tweetalig geword.
== Nederlandse teenkanting teen Britse Regering ==
Alhoewel die kolonie vooruitstrewend was, was baie Nederlandse boere ongelukkig met Britse regering, net soos hulle was met díé van die [[Verenigde Oos-Indiese Kompanjie|VOC]], alhoewel hul griewe nie dieselfde was nie. In [[1792]] is [[Morawies]]e [[sending]]s vir die Khoikhoi se voordeel gestig, en in [[1799]] het die [[London Sendinggenootskap]] begin om beide die Khoikhoi en Xhosas te [[bekeer]]. Die oplos van Khoikhoi-griewe deur die sendelinge het baie ongelukkigheid onder die meerderheid van die koloniste veroorsaak, wie se konserwatiewe uitkyke tydelik geseëvier het omdat daar in [[1812]] 'n wet afgekondig was wat magistrate die mag gee om Khoikhoikinders as ambagsleerlinge te bind onder omstandighede wat min verskil van [[slawerny]]. In die tussentyd het die beweging vir die [[Afskaffingsbeweging|afskaffing]] van slawerny baie gegroei in ondersteuning in Engeland, en die sendelinge het ellelange appèl aangeteken van die koloniste na Brittanje.
'n Opslag van 1815 tot 1816 het baie bygedra tot die permanente vyandigheid van Nederlandse grensbewoners teenoor die Britte: 'n Boer genaamd Bezuidenhout het geweier om 'n dagvaarding na te kom wat teen hom uitgereik is ná 'n klagte van 'n Khoikhoi ontvang is. Hy het op die inhegtenisnemingsparty geskiet, en is gedood in die terugvuur. Dit het 'n klein rebellie veroorsaak, en in die onderdrukking daarvan is vyf ringleiers in die publiek gehang by [[Slachtersnek]], waar hulle oorspronklik saamgesweer het om "die Engelse tiranne" uit te dryf. Die teensin wat die teregstelling teweëgebring het was nóg meer verdiep deur die omstandighede van die dag: die stellasie waarop die rebelle tegelyk gehang is het gebreek onder hul gesamentlike gewig, en die mans is een-vir-een daarna gehang. 'n Wet in [[1827]] afgekondig het die ou Nederlandse "''landroost''" en "''heemraden''"-howe verbied, en eerder inwonende magistrate aangestel. Die wet het verder bepaal dat alle geregtelike handelinge van toe af in Engels gevoer moet word. 'n Verdere wet in [[1828]] het gelyke regte aan die Khoikhoi en ander vry kleurlinge as díé van blankes gegee, as gevolg van die versoeke van die sendelinge. Nóg 'n wet in [[1830]] het swaar boetes opgelê vir die harde behandeling van slawe, en die [[vrystelling]] van slawe was uiteindelik in [[1834]] afgekondig. Elkeen van hierdie wette het verdere vyandigheid van die boere teenoor die regering gebring. Meer nog het die onvoldoende vergoeding wat aan slawe-eienaars gebied was en die wantroue wat deur die betalingsmetode geskep is baie afkeer veroorsaak, en in [[1835]] het die neiging van boere wat wegtrek na onbekende dele van die land om van 'n gehate regering te ontsnap weer begin. Emigrasie verby die koloniale grense was eintlik deurlopend vir 150 jaar gewees, maar het nou groot mates begin aanneem.
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==The Third Kaffir War==
[[Category:Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika]]▼
On the eastern border, further trouble arose with the Kaffirs, towards whom the policy of the Cape government was marked by much vacillation. On [[11 December]] [[1834]] a commando party killed a chief of high rank. This incensed the entire Kaffir tribe. An army of 10,000 men, led by [[Macomo]], a brother of the chief who had been killed, swept across the frontier, pillaged and burned the homesteads and killed all who resisted. Among the worst sufferers was a colony of freed Khoikhoi who, in [[1829]], had been settled in the [[Kat river]] valley by the British authorities. There were few available soldiers in the colony, but the governor, [[Benjamin d'Urban|Sir Benjamin d'Urban]] acted quickly and all available forces were mustered under [[Sir Harry Smith|Colonel Sir Harry Smith]], who reached Graham's Town on [[6 January]] [[1835]], six days after news of the uprising had reached Cape Town. The British and the Kaffirs fought for nine months until hostilities were ended on [[17 September]] 1838 with the signing of a new peace treaty. By this treaty all the country as far as the [[River Kei]] was acknowledged to be British, and its inhabitants declared British subjects. A site for the seat of government was selected and named [[King Wiliam's Town]].
==The Great Trek==
[[en:History of Cape Colony]]▼
The British government did not approve of the actions of Sir Benjamin d'Urban, and the British Secretary for the Colonies, [[Lord Glenelg]], declared that "the great evil of the Cape Colony consists in its magnitude" and demanded that the boundary be moved back to the [[Fish River]], and eventually had d'Urban dismissed from office in [[1837]]. "The Kaffirs," in Lord Glenelg's dispatch of [[26 December]], "had an ample justification for war; they had to resent, and endeavoured justly, though impotently, to avenge a series of encroachments." This attitude towards the Kaffirs was one of the many reasons given by the [[Trek Boer|Trek Boers]] for leaving the Cape Colony. The [[Great Trek]], as it is called, lasted from [[1836]] to [[1840]]. The trekkers, numbering around 7,000, founded communities with a [[Republic|republican]] form of government beyond the [[Orange River|Orange]] and [[Vaal River|Vaal]] rivers, and in [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|Natal]], where they had been preceded, however, by British emigrants. From this time o Cape Colony ceased to be the only European community in South Africa, though it was the most predominant for many years.
Considerable trouble was caused by the emigrant Boers on either side of the Orange River, where the Boers, the [[Basuto|Basutos]], other Kaffir tribes, Bushmen, and [[Griqua|Griquas]] fought for superiority, while the Cape government endeavoured to protect the rights of the natives. On the advice of the [[missionary|missionaries]], who exercised great influence on all non-Dutch people, a number of the native states were recognised and subsidised by the Cape government with the objective of creating peace on the northern frontier. The first "Treaty States" to be recognised was [[Griqualand West]] of the Griqua people. Subsequent states were recognised between 1843 and 1844. While the northern frontier became more secure, the state of the eastern frontier was deplorable, with the government either unable or unwilling to protect farmers from the Kaffirs.
Elsewhere, however, the colony was making progress. The change from slave to free labour proved to be advantageous to the farmers in the western provinces. An efficient [[education]] system, owing its inception to [[John Herschel|Sir John Herschel]], an [[astronomer]] who lived in Cape Colony from 1834 to 1838, was adopted. Road Boards were established and proved to be very effective in constructing new roads. A new stable industry, [[sheep|sheepraising]], was added to the original set of [[wheet|wheetgrowing]], [[cattle|cattle rearing]], and [[wine|wine making]]. By [[1846]] [[wool]] became the country's most valuable export. A [[legislative council]] was established in 1835, giving the colonists a share in the government.
==The War of the Axe==
''Main article: [[War of the Axe]]''<br>
Another war with the Kaffirs, known as the [[War of the Axe]], broke out in [[1846]]. The war started when a Khoikhoi escort that had been [[manacle|manacled]] to a Kaffir [[thief]] was murdered while transporting the man to Graham's Town to be tried for stealing an axe. A party of Kaffirs attached and killed the escort. The surrender of the [[murder]]er was refused, and war was declared in [[March]] of 1846. The [[Gaika]]s were the chief tribe engaged in the war, assisted by the Tambukies. The Kaffirs were defeated on [[7 June]] 1846 by [[General Somerset]] on the [[Gwangu]], a few miles from [[Fort Peddie]]. However, the war continued until [[Sandili]], the chief of the Gaikas, surrendered. Other chiefs gradually followed this action, and by the beginning of [[1848]] the Kaffirs had been completely subdued after twenty-one months of fighting.
==Extension of British Sovereignty==
In [[December]] of [[1847]], or what was to be the last month of the War of the Axe, [[Sir Harry Smith]] reached Cape Town by boat to become the new governor of the colony. He reversed Glenelg's policy soon after arrival. A proclamation he issued on [[17 December]] 1847 extended the borders of the colony northwards to the Orange river and eastward to the [[Keiskamma river]], and at a meeting of the Kaffir chiefs on [[23 December]] 1847, Sir Harry announced the annexation of the land between the Keiskamma and the [[Kei river]]s to the British crown, thus re-absorbing the territory abandoned by Lord Glenelg. The land was not, however, incorporated into the Cape Colony, but instead made a crown dependency under the name of [[British Kaifraria]]. For a time the Kaffirs accepted the new government in British Kaifaria since they were mainly left alone as the governor had other serious matters to contend with, including the assertion of British authority over the Boers beyond the Orange river, and the establishment of amicable relations with the [[Transvaal|Transvaal Boers]].
==The Convict Agitation and Granting of a Constitution==
A crisis arose in the colony over a proposal to make the Cape Colony a [[convict|convict station]]. A circular written in 1848 by the third [[Earl Grey]], then colonial secretary was sent to the governor of the Cape, as well as other colonial governors, asking them to ascertain the feelings of the colonists regarding the reception of a certain class of convicts. The Earl intended to send [[Ireland|Irish]] peasants who had been driven to crime by the [[Irish Potato Famine|famine]] of [[1845]] to South Africa. Due to a misunderstanding, a boat named the ''Neptune'' was sent to the Cape Colony before the colonists' opinion had been received. The boat had 289 convicts on board, among whom was the famous Irish rebel [[John Mitchell]], and his colleagues. When the news that this vessel was on her way reached the Cape, people became violently excited and established an anti-convict association whose members bound themselves to cease from all interaction of any kind with persons in any way associated "with the landing, supplying or employing convicts". Sir Harry Smith, confronted with violent public agitation, agreed not to allow the convicts to land when the ''Neptune'' arrived in Simon's Bay on [[19 September]] [[1849]], but to keep them on board the ship until he received orders to send them elsewhere. When the home government became aware of the state of affairs, orders were sent directing the ''Neptune'' to proceed to [[Tasmania]], and it did so after staying in Simon's Bay for five months. The agitation did not fade away without further achievements, as it led to another movement that intended to obtain a free, representative government for the colony. The British government granted this concession, which had been previously promised by Lord Grey, and a constitution was established in [[1854]] of almost unprecedented liberality.
==The Kaffir War of 1850--1853==
The anti-convict move had scarcely ended when the colony was once again involved in a war. The Kaffirs bitterly resented their loss of independence, and had secretly prepared to renew their struggle ever since the last war. Sir Harry Smith, informed of the increasingly threatening attitude of the natives, went to the border region and summoned Sandili and the other chiefs for a meeting. Sandili refused obedience, after which the governor declared him deposed from his chieftanship at an assembly of other chiefs in [[October]] of [[1850]], and appointed an English magistrate named Mr Brownlee to be temporary chief of the Gaika tribe. It seems that the governor believed that he would be able to prevent a war and that Sandili could be arrested without armed resistance. [[George Mackinnon|Colonel George Mackinnon]], who had been sent out with a small army with the goal of securing the chief, was attacked on [[24 December]] 1850 in a narrow gorge by a large number of Kaffirs, and compelled to retreat after some loss of men. This small battle prompted a general rising among the whole Gaika tribe. Settlers in military villages that had been established along the border, were caught in a surprise attack after they had gathered to celebrate [[Christmas|Christmas day]]. Many of them were killed, and their houses set on fire.
Other setbacks followed in quick succession. The greater part of the Kaffir police deserted, many of them leaving with their arms. Emboldened by their initial success, the Kaffirs surrounded and attacked [[Fort Cox]] with immense force, where the governor was stationed with a small number of soldiers. More than one unsuccessful attempt was made to kill Sir Harry, and he needed to find a way to escape. At the head of 150 mounted riflemen, accompanied by Colonel Mackinnon, he galloped out of the fort, and rode to King William's Town through heavy enemy fire -- a distance of 12 miles.
Meanwhile a new enemy appeared. Some 900 of the Kat river Khoikhoi, who had in former wars been firm allies of the British, joined their hereditary enemies: the Kaffirs. They were not without justification. They complained that while serving as soldiers in former wars -- the Cape Mounted Rifles consisted largely of Khoikhois -- they had not received the same treatment as others serving in defence of the colony, that they got no compensation for the losses they had sustained, and that they were in various ways made to feel they were a wronged and injured race. A secret alliance was formed with the Kaffirs to take up arms in order to remove the Europeans and establish a Khoikhoi republic. Within a fortnight of the attack on Colonel Mackinnon the Kat river Khoikhoi were also in arms. Their revolt was followed by that of the Khoikhoi at other missionary stations; and some of the Khoikhoi of the Cape Mounted Rifles followed their example, including some of the very men who had escorted the governor from Fort Cox. But many of the Khoikhoi remained loyal and the [[Fingo|Fingo Kaffirs]] likewise sided with the British.
After the confusion caused by the surprise attack had subsided, Sir Harry Smith and his force turned the tide of war against the Kaffirs. The [[Amatola Mountains]] were stormed, and [[Kreli]], the highest ranking chief, who had been secretly assisting the Gaikas all along, was severely punished. In April [[1852]] Sir Harry Smith was recalled by Earl Grey, who accused him -- unjustly, in the opinion of the duke of Wellington -- of a want of energy and judgement in conducting the war, and he was succeeded by Lieutenant-General Cathcart. Kreli was again attacked and reduced to submission. The Amatolas were finally cleared of Kaffirs, and small forts were erected to prevent their reoccupation.
The British commanders were hampered throughout by their insufficient equipment, and it was not until March [[1853]] that the largest of the Kaffir wars was brought to an end after the loss several hundred British soldiers. Shortly afterwards, British Kaifraria was made a [[crown colony]]. The Khoikhoi settlement at Kat River remained, but the Khoikhoi power within the colony was crushed.
==The Great Amaxosa Delusion==
The Kaffir tribes gave the colony few problems after the war. This was due, in large measure, to an extraordinary [[delusion]] which arose among the [[Amaxosa]] in [[1856]], and led in [[1857]] to the death of some 50,000 people. This incident is one of the most remarkable instances of misplaced faith recorded in history. The Amaxosa had not accepted their defeat in 1853 as decisive and were preparing to renew their struggle with the Europeans. In May [[1856]], a girl named Nongkwase told her father that while going to get water from a stream she had met strangers with very powerful personalities. Her father, named Mblakza, went to see the men, who told him that they were spirits of the dead who had come, if their behests were obeyed, to aid the Kaffirs with their invincible power to drive the Europeans from the land. Mhlakza repeated the message to his chief, [[Sarili]], who was one of the most powerful Kaffir rulers. Sarili ordered the commands of the spirits to be obeyed. At first, the Amaxosa were ordered to destroy their fat cattle. Nongkwase, standing in the river where the spirits had first appeared, heard unearthly noises, interpreted by her father as orders to kill more and more cattle. At length the spirits commanded that not an animal of all their herds was to remain alive, and every grain of corn was to be destroyed. If that were done, on a given date, myriads of cattle more beautiful than those destroyed would issue from the earth, while great fields of corn, ripe and ready for harvest, would instantly appear. The dead would rise, trouble and sickness vanish, and youth and beauty come to all alike. Unbelievers and the hated white man would on that day perish.
The people heard and obeyed. Sarili is believed by many people to have been the instigator of the prophecies. Certainly some of the principal chiefs believed that they were acting simply in preparation for a last struggle with the Europeans, their plan being to throw the whole Amaxosa nation fully armed and famished upon the colony.
There were those who neither believed the predictions nor looked for success in war, but destroyed their last particle of food in unquestioning obedience to their chief's command. Either in faith that reached the [[sublime]], or in obedience equally great, vast numbers of the people acted. Great [[kraal]]s were also prepared for the promised cattle, and huge skin sacks to hold the milk that was soon to be more plentiful than water. At length the day dawned which, according to the prophecies, was to usher in the terrestrial paradise. The sun rose and sank, but the expected miracle did not come to pass. The chiefs who had planned to hurl the famished warrior upon the colony had committed an incredible blunder in neglecting to call the nation together under pretext of witnessing the resurrection. They realised their error too late, and attempted to fix the situation by changing the resurrection to another day, but blank despair had taken the place of hope and faith, and it was only as starving suppliants that the Amaxosa sought the British.
The colonists did what they could to save life, but thousands perished miserably. In their extreme famine many of the Amaxosa turned to [[cannibalism]], and one instance of parents eating their own child is authenticated. Among the survivors was the girl Nongkwase, however her father perished. A vivid narrative of the whole incident is found in G. M. Theal's ''History and Geography of South Africa'' (3rd edition, London, 1878). The depopulated country was afterwards peopled by European settlers, among whom were members of the German legion which had served with the British army in the [[Crimea]], and some, 2000 industrious North German emigrants, who proved a valuable acquisition to the colony.
==Sir George Grey's Governorship==
[[George Edward Grey|Sir George Grey]] became governor of the Cape Colony in [[1854]], and the development of the colony owes much to his administration. In his opinion, policy imposed upon the colony by the home government's policy of not governing beyond the Orange River was mistaken, and in [[1858]] he propsed a scheme for a [[confederation]] that would include all of South Africa, however it was rejected by Britain. Sir George kept open a British road through [[Bechuanaland]] to the far interior, gaining the support of the missionaries Moffat and [[David Livingstone]]. Sir George also attempted for the first time, missionary effort apart, to educate the Kaffirs and to firmly establish British authority among them, which the self-destruction of the Amaxosa rendered easy. Beyond the Kei River, the natives were left to their own devices.
Sir George Grey left the Cape in [[1861]]. During his governorship the resources of the colony had increased with the opening of the [[copper]] mines in [[Little Namaqualand]], the [[mohair]] wool industry had been established and Natal made a separate colony. The opening, in [[November]] [[1863]], of the [[railway]] from [[Cape Town]] to [[Wellington, South Africa|Wellington]], and the construction in [[1860]] of the great breakwater in [[Table Bay]], long needed on that perilous coast, marked the beginning in the colony of [[public works]] on a large scale. They were the more-or-less direct result of the granting to the colony of a large share in its own government.
The province of British Kaifraria was incorporated into the colony in [[1865]], under the title of the Electoral Divisions of King William's Town and [[East London]]. The transfer was marked by the removal of the prohibition of the sale of [[alcohol]]ic beverages to the natives, and the free trade in intoxicants which followed had most deplorable results among the Kaffir tribes. A severe drought, affecting almost the entire colony for several years, caused great economic depression, and many farmers suffered severely. It was at this period in [[1869]] that [[ostrich]]-farming was successfully established as a separate [[industry]].
Whether by or against the wish of the home government, the limits of British authority continued to extend. The [[Basuto]]s, who dwelt in the upper valleys of the Orange River, had subsisted under a semi-protectorate of the British government from 1843 to 1854; but having been left to their own resources on the abandonment of the Orange sovereignty, they fell into a long exhaustive warfare with the Boers of the [[Orange Free State]]. On the urgent petition of their chief [[Moshesh]], they were proclaimed British subjects in 1868, and their territory became part of the Cape Colony in 1871 (see [[Basutoland]]). In the same year, the southeastern part of [[Bechuanaland]] was annexed to Britain under the title of Griqualand West. This annexation was a consequence of the discovery there of rich [[diamond]] mines, an event which was destined to have far-reaching results.
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▲[[Category:Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika]]
▲[[en:History of Cape Colony from 1806 to 1870]]
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