Pion (skaak): Verskil tussen weergawes

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Laurens (besprekings | bydraes)
Laurens (besprekings | bydraes)
Lyn 80:
 
<!--Promosie is often called "queening", because the piece chosen is nearly always a queen. -->Wanneer 'n speler 'n ander stuk as 'n dame kies tydens promosie word dit "onderpromosie" genoem. Dit gebeur gewoonlik as die speler 'n ruiter kies om skaakmat of 'n [[Vurk (skaak|vurk]] uit te voer. Onderpromosie word ook gebruik waar promise na 'n dame tot pat sou lei.
 
== Strategie ==
<!--The ''[[pawn structure]]'' mostly determines the strategic flavor of a game. While other pieces can usually be regrouped more favorably if they are temporarily badly placed, a poorly placed pawn cannot retreat to a more favorable position.
{{Chess diagram|=
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8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|=
7 |pd|pd|pd|__|__|pd|pd|pd|=
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a b c d e f g h
| Locked pawn chains
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Because pawns capture diagonally and can be blocked from moving straight forward, opposing pawns often become locked in diagonal [[List of chess terms#Pawn chain|''pawn chains'']] of two or more pawns of each color, where each player controls squares of one color. In the diagram at left, black and white have locked their d- and e-pawns.
 
Here, White has a long-term space advantage. White will have an easier time than Black in finding good spaces for friendly pieces, particularly with an eye to the [[kingside]]. Black, in contrast, suffers from a ''[[chess terminology|bad bishop]]'' on c8, which is prevented by the black pawns from finding a good square or helping out on the kingside. On the other hand, White's central pawns are somewhat over-extended and vulnerable to attack. Black can undermine the white pawn chain with an immediate c7-c5 and perhaps a later f7-f6.
 
{{Chess diagram|=
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8 |rd|__|bd|qd|kd|__|__|rd|=
7 |pd|pd|__|__|__|pd|pd|pd|=
6 |__|__|nd|__|__|__|__|__|=
5 |__|__|bd|pd|__|__|__|__|=
4 |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|=
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a b c d e f g h
| Black has an isolated pawn at d5.
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Pawns on adjacent files can support each other in attack and defense. A pawn which has no friendly pawns in adjacent files is an ''[[isolated pawn]]''. The square in front of an isolated pawn may become an enduring weakness. Any piece placed directly in front not only blocks the advance of that pawn, but cannot be driven away by other pawns.
 
In the diagram at right, Black has an isolated pawn on d5. If all the pieces except the kings and pawns were removed, the weakness of d4 might prove fatal to Black in the [[Chess endgame|endgame]]. In the [[Chess middlegame|middlegame]], however, Black has slightly more freedom of movement than White, and may be able to trade off the isolated pawn before an endgame ensues.
 
{{Chess diagram|=
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8 |__|__|__|kd|__|__|__|__|=
7 |__|__|__|__|__|__|pd|pd|=
6 |__|__|__|pd|__|__|__|__|=
5 |__|__|pd|__|__|__|__|__|=
4 |pl|pd|__|__|__|__|__|__|=
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a b c d e f g h
|White's a4 pawn is passed.}}
 
A pawn which cannot be blocked or captured by enemy pawns in its advance to promotion is a ''[[passed pawn]]''. In the diagram at left, White has a passed pawn on a4. Black's pawn on g7 is not a passed pawn, because it has to get by White's h2 pawn before it can be promoted. Because endgames are almost always won by the player who can promote a pawn first, having a passed pawn in an endgame can be decisive. In this vein, a ''pawn majority'', a greater number of pawns belonging to one player on one side of the chessboard, is strategically important because it can be converted into a passed pawn.
 
The diagrammed position might appear roughly equal, because each side has a king and five pawns, and the positions of the kings are about equal. In truth, White should win this endgame on the strength of the passed pawn, no matter who makes the first move. {{fact|date=June 2008}}
 
{{Chess diagram|=
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8 |rd|__|bd|kd|__|bd|__|rd|=
7 |pd|pd|pd|__|__|pd|pd|pd|=
6 |__|__|pd|__|__|__|__|__|=
5 |__|__|__|__|pl|nd|__|__|=
4 |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|=
3 |__|__|nl|__|__|nl|__|__|=
2 |pl|pl|pl|__|__|pl|pl|pl|=
1 |rl|__|bl|__|__|rl|kl|__|=
a b c d e f g h
|Black has doubled c-pawns.}}
 
After a capture with a pawn, a player may end up with two pawns on the same file, called ''[[doubled pawns]]''. Doubled pawns are substantially weaker than pawns which are side by side, because they cannot defend each other, and the front pawn blocks the advance of the back one. In the diagram at right, Black is playing at a strategic disadvantage due to the doubled c-pawns.
 
There are situations where doubled pawns confer some advantage, typically when the guarding of consecutive squares in a file by the pawns prevent an invasion by the opponent's pieces.
 
Pawns which are both doubled and isolated are typically a tangible weakness. A single piece or pawn in front of doubled isolated pawns blocks both of them, and cannot be easily dislodged. It is rare for a player to have three pawns in a file, i.e. ''tripled'' pawns. Depending on the position, tripled pawns may be more or less valuable than two pawns which are side by side.
 
===Wrong rook pawn===
{{Main|Wrong rook pawn}}
With a bishop, a [[rook pawn]] may be the [[wrong rook pawn]], depending on which color of square the bishop resides. This causes some positions to be [[draw (chess)|draws]] which would otherwise be wins.
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==Verwysings==