ENIAC: Verskil tussen weergawes
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[[Beeld:Eniac.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Glen Beck (agter) en Betty Snyder (voor) programmeer die ENIAC.]]
'''ENIAC''', Engels vir '''Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer''',<ref>{{cite book | last = Goldstine | first = Herman H. | authorlink = Herman Goldstine | title = The Computer: from Pascal to von Neumann | year = 1972 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, New Jersey | id = ISBN 0-691-02367-0 }}</ref> was die eerste algemeen
Die ENIAC was van onmiddelike belang. Met die aankondiging daarvan in 1946 was daarna verwys as die "Enorme Brein" deur die media. Dit het gespog met 'n spoed duisend keer vinniger as elektro-meganiese masjiene, 'n sprong in rekenkundige krag wat geen enkele masjien nog kon bereik nie. Die wiskundige krag, gepaard met algemeen-doelige programmering, het wetenskaplikes en industrialiste baie opgewonde gehad. Die uitvinders het die nuwe idees versprei deur 'n reeks [[Moore School Lectures|lesings]] aan te bied oor rekenaar argitektuur.
Die ENIAC se
Die konstruksie kontrak was geteken op [[5 Junie]], [[1943]], en werk op die rekenaar
[[Image:Two women operating ENIAC.gif|right|thumbnail|300px|thumb|Programmeerders [[Jean Bartik|Betty Jean Jennings]] (links) en [[Frances Spence|Fran Bilas]] (regs) besig op die ENIAC se hoof kontrole paneel by die [[Moore Skool van Elektriese Ingenieurswese]]. (V.S. Weermag foto van die argiewe van die ARL Tegniese biblioteek )]]
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| id = QA76.W5 1956
| isbn =
}}</ref> Die span ontwerp ingenieurs wat die ontwikkeling bygestaan en gehelp het sluit in [[Robert F. Shaw|Bob Shaw]] (funksie tabelle), [[Chuan Chu]] (deler/vierkantswortelaar), [[Kite Sharpless]] (meester programmeerder), [[Arthur Burks]] (vermenigvuldiger), [[Harry Huskey]] (leser/drukker, [[Jack Davis (ingenieur)|Jack Davis]] (versamelaars) en [[Iredell Eachus Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0506/obits.html | title=Gazette Alumni: Obituaries (Iredell Eachus Jr.) | toegangsdatum=2008-09-11 | quote=According to his family, J. Presper Eckert EE’41 GEE’43 Hon’64 was his best friend in college. As a U.S. Naval ensign during World War II, he received a direct commission from President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] assigning him to naval-research work in Washington, where he was involved in developing technology for weapons systems, radar targeting systems, and communications devices. He then became a member of the ENIAC team at Penn. According to the Main Line Times, he felt that the logic circuits of the machine were more discovered than invented. }}</ref>
==Beskrywing==
Die ENIAC was 'n modulere
Naas die spoed, was die mees merkwaardige
ENIAC het tien-posisie [[ringteller]]s gebruik om syfers te stoor; elke syfer het 36 vakuum buise gebruik, 10 daarvan was tweevoudige triodes wat die [[Flip-flop(elektronies)|flip-floppe]] van die ringteller. Rekenkunde was uitgevoer deur die impulse "te tel" met die ringtellers en genereer dan dra-impulse as die teller "rond spring", die idee was om in elektronika die bewerking van die syfer wiele van 'n meganiese optel masjien, na te jaag. ENIAC het twintig tien-syfer getekende [[Akkumulator (bereken)|akkumulator]] wat [[tien se komplement]] voorstelling gebruik het en kon 5,000 eenvoudige optel en aftrek bewerkings doen tussen enige van hulle an 'n bron (bv, nog 'n akkumulator, of 'n konstante seintoestel) elke sekond. Dit was moontlik om 'n paar akkumulators te koppel en gelyktydig te hardloop, so die top spoed van die bewerking was moontlik baie hoër weens die parallelle bewerkings.
Dit was moontlik om die oordra van een akkumulator na 'n ander akkumulator te bedraad om met [[dubbele presisie]] rekenkundige bewerkings te doen
It was possible to wire the carry of one accumulator into another acccumulator to perform [[double precision]] arithmetic, but the accumulator carry circuit timing prevented the wiring of three or more for higher precision. The ENIAC used four of the accumulators, controlled by a special ''Multiplier'' unit, to perform up to 385 multiplication operations per second. The ENIAC also used five of the accumulators, controlled by a special ''Divider/Square-Rooter'' unit, to perform up to forty division operations per second or three [[square root]] operations per second.
The other nine units in ENIAC were the ''Initiating Unit'' (which started and stopped the machine), the ''Cycling Unit'' (used for synchronizing the other units), the ''Master Programmer'' (which controlled 'loop' sequencing), the ''Reader'' (which controlled an IBM punch card reader), the ''Printer'' (which controlled an IBM punch card punch), the ''Constant Transmitter'', and three ''Function Tables''.
[[Image:Classic shot of the ENIAC.jpg|right|thumbnail|300px|thumb|Cpl. Herman Goldstein (foreground) sets the switches on one of the ENIAC's function tables at the [[Moore School of Electrical Engineering]]. (U.S. Army photo)]]
The references by Rojas and Hashagen or (Wilkes 1956)<ref name="autogenerated1">Wilkes</ref> give more details about the times for operations, which differ somewhat from those stated above. The basic machine cycle was 200 [[microseconds]] (20 cycles of the 100 kHz clock in the cycling unit), or 5,000 cycles per second for operations on the 10-digit numbers. In one of these cycles, ENIAC could write a number to a register, read a number from a register, or add/subtract two numbers. A multiplication of a 10-digit number by a ''d''-digit number (for ''d'' up to 10) took ''d''+4 cycles, so a 10- by 10-digit multiplication took 14 cycles, or 2800 microseconds—a rate of 357 per second. If one of the numbers had fewer than 10 digits, the operation was faster. Division and square roots took 13(''d''+1) cycles, where ''d'' is the number of digits in the result (quotient or square root). So a division or square root took up to 143 cycles, or 28,600 microseconds—a rate of 35 per second. (Wilkes 1956:20<ref name="autogenerated1" /> states that a division with a 10 digit quotient required 6 milliseconds.) If the result had fewer than ten digits, it was obtained faster.
===Reliability===
ENIAC used common [[tube socket#Octal|octal-base]] radio tubes of the day; the decimal [[Accumulator (computing)|accumulators]] were made of [[6SN7]] [[flip-flop (electronics)|flip-flops]], while 6L7s, 6SJ7s, 6SA7s and 6AC7s were used in logic functions. Numerous [[6L6]]s and [[6V6]]s served as line drivers to drive pulses through cables between rack assemblies.
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