Isotope van uraan
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Uraan (U) is ’n radioaktiewe chemiese element wat natuurlik voorkom. Dit het geen stabiele isotope nie, maar twee primordiale of oerisotope (238U en 235U) wat ’n lang halfleeftyd het en in aansienlike hoeveelhede in die aardkors aangetref word, saam met die vervalproduk 234U. Die relatiewe atoommassa van natuurlike uraan is 238,02891(3). Ander isotope, soos 232U, is al in kweekreaktors geskep.
Natuurlike uraan het drie belangrike isotope: 238U (99,2739–99,2752% natuurlike voorkoms), 235U (0,7198–0,7202%) en 234U (0,0050–0,0059%).[1] Al drie is radioaktief en skep radio-isotope; die mees stabiele een is 238U, met ’n halfleeftyd van 4,4683×109 jaar (amper so lank as wat die Aarde oud is).
Die isotoop 235U is belangrik vir beide kernreaktors en kernwapens omdat dit die enigste isotoop in die natuur is wat redelik volop voorkom en splytbaar is (deur termiese neutrone opgebreek kan word). Die isotoop 238U is ook belangrik omdat dit neutrone absorbeer en ’n radioaktiewe isotoop skep wat eindelik verval in die isotoop 239Pu, wat ook splytbaar is.
Oorsig wysig
| Nuklied | Historiese naam |
Z (p) | N (n) | Isotopiese massa (u) | Halfleeftyd | Verval- modusse[n 1] |
Dogter- isotope[n 2] |
Kern- spin |
Verteenw. isotopiese samestelling (molbreuk) |
Omvang van natuurlike variasie (molbreuk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opwekkingsenergie | ||||||||||
| 215U[2] | 92 | 123 | 2,24 ms | α | 211Th | 5/2−# | ||||
| 216U[2][3] | 92 | 124 | 4,3 ms | α | 212Th | 0+ | ||||
| 217U | 92 | 125 | 217,02437(9) | 26(14) ms [16(+21−6) ms] |
α | 213Th | 1/2−# | |||
| 218U | 92 | 126 | 218,02354(3) | 6(5) ms | α | 214Th | 0+ | |||
| 219U | 92 | 127 | 219,02492(6) | 55(25) µs [42(+34−13) µs] |
α | 215Th | 9/2+# | |||
| 220U | 92 | 128 | 220,02472(22)# | 60# ns | α | 216Th | 0+ | |||
| β+ (seldsaam) | 220Pa | |||||||||
| 221U | 92 | 129 | 221,02640(11)# | 700# ns | α | 217Th | 9/2+# | |||
| β+ (seldsaam) | 221Pa | |||||||||
| 222U | 92 | 130 | 222,02609(11)# | 1,4(7) µs [1,0(+10−4) µs] |
α | 218Th | 0+ | |||
| β+ (10−6%) | 222Pa | |||||||||
| 223U | 92 | 131 | 223,02774(8) | 21(8) µs [18(+10−5) µs] |
α | 219Th | 7/2+# | |||
| 224U | 92 | 132 | 224,027605(27) | 940(270) µs | α | 220Th | 0+ | |||
| 225U | 92 | 133 | 225,02939# | 61(4) ms | α | 221Th | (5/2+)# | |||
| 226U | 92 | 134 | 226,029339(14) | 269(6) ms | α | 222Th | 0+ | |||
| 227U | 92 | 135 | 227,031156(18) | 1,1(1) min | α | 223Th | (3/2+) | |||
| β+ (,001%) | 227Pa | |||||||||
| 228U | 92 | 136 | 228,031374(16) | 9,1(2) min. | α (95%) | 224Th | 0+ | |||
| EV (5%) | 228Pa | |||||||||
| 229U | 92 | 137 | 229,033506(6) | 58(3) min. | β+ (80%) | 229Pa | (3/2+) | |||
| α (20%) | 225Th | |||||||||
| 230U | 92 | 138 | 230,033940(5) | 20,8 d | α | 226Th | 0+ | |||
| SS (1,4×10−10%) | (verskeie) | |||||||||
| β+β+ (seldsaam) | 230Th | |||||||||
| 231U | 92 | 139 | 231,036294(3) | 4,2(1) d | EV | 231Pa | (5/2)(+#) | |||
| α (,004%) | 227Th | |||||||||
| 232U | 92 | 140 | 232,0371562(24) | 68,9(4) j | α | 228Th | 0+ | |||
| TV (8,9×10−10%) | 208Pb 24Ne | |||||||||
| TV (5×10−12%) | 204Hg 28Mg | |||||||||
| SS (10−12%) | (verskeie) | |||||||||
| 233U | 92 | 141 | 233,0396352(29) | 1,592(2)×105 j | α | 229Th | 5/2+ | |||
| SS (6×10−9%) | (verskeie) | |||||||||
| TV (7,2×10−11%) | 209Pb 24Ne | |||||||||
| TV (1,3×10−13%) | 205Hg 28Mg | |||||||||
| 234U[n 3][n 4] | Uraan II | 92 | 142 | 234,0409521(20) | 2,455(6)×105 j | α | 230Th | 0+ | [0.000054(5)][n 5] | 0,000050– 0,000059 |
| SS (1,73×10−9%) | (verskeie) | |||||||||
| TV (1,4×10−11%) | 206Hg 28Mg | |||||||||
| TV (9×10−12%) | 184Hf 26Ne 24Ne | |||||||||
| 234mU | 1421.32(10) keV | 33,5(20) ms | 6− | |||||||
| 235U[n 6][n 7][n 8] | Actino-uraan | 92 | 143 | 235,0439299(20) | 7,04(1)×108 j. | α | 231Th | 7/2− | [0,007204(6)] | 0,007198– 0,007207 |
| SS (7×10−9%) | (verskeie) | |||||||||
| TV (8×10−10%) | 186Hf 25Ne 24Ne | |||||||||
| 235mU | 0.0765(4) keV | ~26 min. | IO | 235U | 1/2+ | |||||
| 236U | 92 | 144 | 236,045568(2) | 2,342(3)×107 j. | α | 232Th | 0+ | |||
| SF (9,6×10−8%) | (verskeie) | |||||||||
| 236m1U | 1052,89(19) keV | 100(4) ns | (4)− | |||||||
| 236m2U | 2750(10) keV | 120(2) ns | (0+) | |||||||
| 237U | 92 | 145 | 237,0487302(20) | 6,75(1) d | β− | 237Np | 1/2+ | |||
| 238U[n 4][n 6][n 7] | Uraan I | 92 | 146 | 238,0507882(20) | 4,468(3)×109 j. | α | 234Th | 0+ | [0,992742(10)] | 0,992739– 0,992752 |
| SF (5,45×10−5%) | (verskeie) | |||||||||
| β−β− (2,19×10−10%) | 238Pu | |||||||||
| 238mU | 2557,9(5) keV | 280(6) ns | 0+ | |||||||
| 239U | 92 | 147 | 239,0542933(21) | 23,45(2) min. | β− | 239Np | 5/2+ | |||
| 239m1U | 20(20)# keV | >250 ns | (5/2+) | |||||||
| 239m2U | 133,7990(10) keV | 780(40) ns | 1/2+ | |||||||
| 240U | 92 | 148 | 240,056592(6) | 14,1(1) u | β− | 240Np | 0+ | |||
| α (10−10%) | 236Th | |||||||||
| 241U | 92 | 149 | 241,06033(32)# | 5# min. | β− | 241Np | 7/2+# | |||
| 242U | 92 | 150 | 242,06293(22)# | 16,8(5) min. | β− | 242Np | 0+ | |||
- ↑ Afkortings:
TV: Trosverval
EV: Elektronvangs
IO: Isomeriese oordrag
SS: Spontane splyting - ↑ Stabiele isotope in vet; byna-stabiele isotope (halfleeftyd langer as die ouderdom van die heelal) in vet kursief
- ↑ Gebruik in uraan-toriumdatering
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Gebruik in uraan-uraandatering
- ↑ Intermediêre vervalproduk van 238U
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Primordiale radionuklied
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Gebruik in uraan-looddatering
- ↑ Belangrik in kernreaktors
Verwysings wysig
- ↑ "Uranium Isotopes" (in Engels). GlobalSecurity.org. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 17 Mei 2020. Besoek op 14 Maart 2012.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Y. Wakabayashi; K. Morimoto; D. Kaji; H. Haba; M. Takeyama; S. Yamaki; K. Tanaka; K. Nishio; M. Asai; M. Huang,; J. Kanaya; M. Murakami; A. Yoneda; K. Fujita; Y. Narikiyo; T.Tanaka; S.Yamamoto; K. Morita (2014). "New Isotope Candidates, 215U and 216U" (PDF). RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 47: xxii.
{{cite journal}}: AS1-onderhoud: ekstra leestekens (link) - ↑ H. M. Devaraja; S. Heinz; O. Beliuskina; V. Comas; S. Hofmann; C. Hornung; G. Münzenberg; K. Nishio; D. Ackermann; Y. K. Gambhir; M. Gupta; R. A. Henderson; F. P. Heßberger; J. Khuyagbaatar; B. Kindler; B. Lommel; K. J. Moody; J. Maurer; R. Mann; A. G. Popeko; D. A. Shaughnessy; M. A. Stoyer; A. V. Yeremin (2015). "Observation of new neutron-deficient isotopes with Z ≥ 92 in multinucleon transfer reactions" (PDF). Physics Letters B (748): 199–203.
Isotope per element wysig
| 1H | 2He | 3Li | 4Be | 5B | 6C | 7N | 8O | 9F | 10Ne | 11Na | 12Mg | 13Al | 14Si | 15P | 16S | 17Cl | 18Ar | 19K | |
| 20Ca | 21Sc | 22Ti | 23V | 24Cr | 25Mn | 26Fe | 27Co | 28Ni | 29Cu | 30Zn | 31Ga | 32Ge | 33As | 34Se | 35Br | 36Kr | 37Rb | 38Sr | 39Y |
| 40Zr | 41Nb | 42Mo | 43Tc | 44Ru | 45Rh | 46Pd | 47Ag | 48Cd | 49In | 50Sn | 51Sb | 52Te | 53I | 54Xe | 55Cs | 56Ba | 57La | 58Ce | 59Pr |
| 60Nd | 61Pm | 62Sm | 63Eu | 64Gd | 65Tb | 66Dy | 67Ho | 68Er | 69Tm | 70Yb | 71Lu | 72Hf | 73Ta | 74W | 75Re | 76Os | 77Ir | 78Pt | 79Au |
| 80Hg | 81Tl | 82Pb | 83Bi | 84Po | 85At | 86Rn | 87Fr | 88Ra | 89Ac | 90Th | 91Pa | 92U | 93Np | 94Pu | 95Am | 96Cm | 97Bk | 98Cf | 99Es |
| 100Fm | 101Md | 102No | 103Lr | 104Rf | 105Db | 106Sg | 107Bh | 108Hs | 109Mt | 110Ds | 111Rg | 112Cn | 113Nh | 114Fl | 115Mc | 116Lv | 117Ts | 118Og |