Nasionalisme
| Subklas van | politieke ideologie |
|---|---|
| Bestudeer deur | nasionalisme studies |
| Gekarakteriseer deur | irredentisme |
| Beoefen deur | nasionalis |
| Teenoorgestelde van | Anti-nasionalisme, kosmopolitisme, internasionalisme |
Nasionalisme is 'n politieke, sosiale en ekonomiese stelsel wat gekenmerk word deur die belange van 'n spesifieke nasie te bevorder, veral met die doel om selfbestuur, of volle soewereiniteit, oor die groep se tuisland te verkry. Die politieke ideologie hou dus in dat 'n nasie self moet regeer, vry van ongewenste buite-inmenging, en is gekoppel aan die konsep van selfbeskikking. Nasionalisme is ook gefokus op die ontwikkeling en instandhouding van 'n nasionale identiteit gebaseer op gedeelde eienskappe soos kultuur, taal, ras, godsdiens, politieke doelwitte of 'n geloof in 'n gemeenskaplike afkoms.[1][2]
As 'n beweging is nasionalisme geneig om die belange van 'n bepaalde nasie (soos in 'n groep mense) te bevorder[3] veral met die doel om die nasie se soewereiniteit (selfregering) oor sy vaderland te verkry en te handhaaf om 'n nasiestaat. Nasionalisme meen dat elke nasie homself moet regeer, vry van inmenging van buite (selfbeskikking), dat 'n nasie 'n natuurlike en ideale basis vir 'n staat is,[4] en dat die nasie die enigste regmatige bron van politieke mag is.[3][5] Nasionalisme poog dus om 'n nasie se tradisionele kultuur te bewaar en te bevorder.[6] Daar is verskeie definisies van 'n "nasie", wat lei tot verskillende tipes nasionalisme. Die twee hoof uiteenlopende vorme is etniese nasionalisme en burgerlike nasionalisme.
Die morele waarde van nasionalisme, die verhouding tussen nasionalisme en patriotisme, en die versoenbaarheid van nasionalisme en kosmopolitisme is almal onderwerpe van filosofiese debat.[7][8] Nasionalisme kan gekombineer word met diverse politieke doelwitte en ideologieë soos konserwatisme (nasionale konserwatisme en regse populisme) of sosialisme (linkse nasionalisme).[4][9][10] In die praktyk word nasionalisme as positief of negatief gesien afhangende van die ideologie en uitkomste daarvan. Nasionalisme was 'n kenmerk van bewegings vir vryheid en geregtigheid, is geassosieer met kulturele herlewings,[6] en moedig trots van nasionale prestasies aan.[11] Dit is ook gebruik om rasse-, etniese en godsdienstige verdeeldheid te legitimeer, minderhede te onderdruk of aan te val, en menseregte en demokratiese tradisies te ondermyn.[12] Radikale nasionalisme gekombineer met rassehaat was 'n sleutelfaktor in die Holocaust wat deur Nazi-Duitsland gepleeg is.[13]
Sien ook wysig
Verwysings wysig
- ↑ Triandafyllidou, Anna (1998). "National identity and the other". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 21 (4): 593–612.
- ↑ Smith, A.D. (1981). The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Anthony D. Smith. Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. Polity, 2010. bl. 9, 25–30; James, Paul (1996). Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. London: Sage Publications.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Finlayson, Alan (2014). "5. Nationalism". In Geoghegan, Vincent; Wilford, Rick (reds.). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Routledge. pp. 100–102. ISBN 978-1317804338.
- ↑ Yack, Bernard. Nationalism and the Moral Psychology of Community. University of Chicago Press, 2012. bl. 142
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Smith, Anthony. Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. Polity, 2010. bl. 6–7, 30–31, 37
- ↑ Mylonas, Harris; Tudor, Maya (2021). "Nationalism: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know". Annual Review of Political Science. 24 (1): 109–132.
- ↑ Lawrence, Adria (2013). Imperial rule and the politics of nationalism : anti-colonial protest in the French empire. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107640757.
- ↑ Bunce, Valerie (2000). "Comparative Democratization: Big and Bounded Generalizations". Comparative Political Studies (in Engels). 33 (6–7): 703–734. doi:10.1177/001041400003300602. ISSN 0010-4140. S2CID 153875363.
- ↑ Kocher, Matthew Adam; Lawrence, Adria K.; Monteiro, Nuno P. (2018). "Nationalism, Collaboration, and Resistance: France under Nazi Occupation". International Security. 43 (2): 117–150. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00329. ISSN 1531-4804. S2CID 57561272.
- ↑ Nairn, Tom; James, Paul (2005). Global Matrix: Nationalism, Globalism and State-Terrorism. London and New York: Pluto Press.
- ↑ Mylonas, Harris; Tudor, Maya (2021). "Nationalism: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know". Annual Review of Political Science. 24 (1): 109–132.
- ↑ Pierre James (2001). The Murderous Paradise: German Nationalism and the Holocaust. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0275972424.
Bibliografie wysig
- Anderson, Benedict (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso. ISBN 978-0860910596.
- Billig, Michael (1995). Banal Nationalism. London: Sage. ISBN 978-0803975255.
- Delanty, Gerard; Kumar, Krishan, reds. (2006). The Sage Handbook of Nations and Nationalism. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-1412901017.
- Hayes, Carlton J. The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism (1928) the first major scholarly survey.
- Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1992). Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (2nd uitg.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521439619.
- Hobsbawm, E.; Ranger, T. (1983). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
- James, Paul (1996). Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0761950721.
- James, Paul (2006). Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In. London: Sage Publications.
- Kohn, Hans. The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background (1944; 2nd ed. 2005 with introduction by Craig Calhoun). 735 pp; an often-cited classic
- Kymlicka, Will (1995). Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0198279495.
- Leoussi, Athena S., red. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0765800022.
- Miller, David (1995). On Nationality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198280477.
- Motyl, Alexander, red. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. San Diego: Academic Press 2 vol. ISBN 978-0122272301.
- Mylonas, Harris; Tudor, Maya (2021). "Nationalism: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know". Annual Review of Political Science. 24 (1): 109–132.
- Snyder, Louis L. (1990). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. New York: Paragon House. ISBN 978-1557781673.
Eksterne skakels wysig
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