Vaishnavisme
Vaishnavisme (van Sanskrit वैष्णव Vaiṣṇava, "wat tot Vishnu behoort") is een van die vier groot tradisies in Hindoeïsme; die ander is Shaivisme, Shaktisme en Smartisme. Dit word ook Vishnuïsme of Wisjnoeïsme genoem, en die volgelinge daarvan Vishnuïste of Wisjnoeïste; hulle beskou Vishnu as die oppergod.[1][2]
Beskrywing wysig
Die tradisie is veral bekend vir sy avatarleerstelling, waarin Vishnu in een van baie inkarnasies vereer word. Van hulle is 10 (die Dashavatara) die gewildstes en belangrikstes: Krishna, Rama, Narayana, Vasudeva, Hari, Vithoba, Kesava, Madhava, Govinda en Jagannath.[3][4][5] Die tradisie kan teruggespoor word na die 1ste millennium n.C. as Bhagavatisme, of Krishnaïsme.[6] Latere ontwikkelings onder leiding van die heilige Ramananda het gelei tot ’n Rama-georiënteerde beweging, wat nou die grootste kloostergroep in Asië is.[7][8] Die Vaishnava-tradisie het baie sampradayas (denominasies of subskole) wat wissel van die Middeleeuse Dvaita-skool van Madhvacharya tot die Vishishtadvaita-skool van Ramanuja.[9][10] Nuwe bewegings is ook in die moderne tyd gestig, soos die Hare Krisjnas van Prabhupada.[11]
Die tradisie is bekend vir die liefdevolle verering van ’n avatar van Vishnu (dikwels Krishna) en het ’n sleutelrol gespeel in die verspreiding van die Bhakti-beweging in die 2de millennium in Suid-Asië.[12][13] Belangrike geskrifte in Vaishnavisme sluit in die Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Pancaratra (Agama) en Bhagavata Purana.[14][15][16][17]
Verwysings wysig
- ↑ Pratapaditya Pal (1986). Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700. University of California Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-520-05991-7.
- ↑ Stephan Schuhmacher (1994). The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion: Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Zen. Shambhala. p. 397. ISBN 978-0-87773-980-7.
- ↑ Matchett 2001, pp. 3-9.
- ↑ Anna King 2005, pp. 32–33.
- ↑ Avinash Patra 2011, pp. 12–16, 25.
- ↑ G. Widengren (1997). Historia Religionum: Handbook for the History of Religions - Religions of the Present. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 270. ISBN 90-04-02598-7.
- ↑ Selva Raj en William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791467084, ble. 165-166
- ↑ James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0823931804, ble. 553-554
- ↑ Beck 2012, pp. 76-77.
- ↑ Jeaneane D. Fowler 2002, pp. 288-304, 340–350.
- ↑ Flood 1996, pp. 124-125.
- ↑ John Stratton Hawley (2015). A Storm of Songs. Harvard University Press. pp. 10–12, 33–34. ISBN 978-0-674-18746-7.
- ↑ James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0823931804, pages 731-733
- ↑ Flood 1996, p. 121-122.
- ↑ F Otto Schrader (1973). Introduction to the Pāñcarātra and the Ahirbudhnya Saṃhitā. Adyar Library and Research Centre. pp. 2–21. ISBN 978-0-8356-7277-1.
- ↑ Klaus Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791470824, ble. 46-52, 76-77
- ↑ Johnson, Todd M; Grim, Brian J (2013). The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography. John Wiley & Sons. p. 400. ISBN 9781118323038.
Nog bronne wysig
- Matchett, Freda (2001). Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu. Routledge. ISBN 978-0700712816.
{{cite book}}: Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp) - Anna King (2005). The intimate other: love divine in Indic religions. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-2801-7.
{{cite book}}: Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp) - Avinash Patra (2011). Origin & Antiquity of the Cult of Lord Jagannath. Oxford University Press.
{{cite book}}: Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp) - Beck, Guy L. (2012), Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-8341-1
- Jeaneane D. Fowler (2002). Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-898723-94-3.
{{cite book}}: Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp) - Flood, Gavin (1996), An introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0, https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C
- Hawley, John Stratton: Three Bhakti Voices. Mirabai, Surdas, and Kabir in Their Time and Ours. 2nd impression. Oxford 2006
Eksterne skakels wysig
- Encyclopædia Britannica, "Vaishnavism"
- Vaishnavisme Geargiveer 6 September 2019 op Wayback Machine
- Vaishnavisme (Heart of Hinduism)
- Who is Vishnu? Vrae en antwoorde Geargiveer 22 Julie 2010 op Wayback Machine (dvaita.org)
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Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die Engelse Wikipedia
