Europese Konserwatiewes en Hervormers

Die Europese Konserwatiewes en Hervormers (ECR)^[1] is 'n sagte Euroskeptikus,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] anti-federalistiese^[7]^[2]^[8] politieke groep in die Europese Parlement. Die ECR is die parlementêre groep van die Europese politieke party van die European Conservatives and Reformists Party (ECR Party) (voorheen bekend as die Alliansie van Konserwatiewes en Hervormers in Europa (2016–2019) of Alliansie van Europese Konserwatiewes en Hervormers (2009–2016), maar sluit ook lede van vier ander Europese partye en dertien lede sonder Europese partyverband in.

Ideologies is die groep breedweg euroskepties, anti-federalisties en regs, met sentrum-regse en verregse faksies.^[9] Die hoofdoel van die ECR is om ongekontroleerde Europese integrasie, uitbreiding en potensiële evolusie van die Europese Unie (EU) in 'n Federale Europese Superstaat teen te staan op grond van Eurorealisme, en om te verseker dat die EU nie swaar inbreuk maak op sake van staat en binnelandse sake nie. en streeksbesluitneming binne EU-lidlande.^[10] Dit bepleit ook strenger beheer oor immigrasie. Die ECR bevat faksies van sosiaal-konserwatiewe, regse populistiese, liberaal-konserwatiewe, Christen-demokratiese, ver-regse en nasionale konserwatiewe partye wat almal 'n anti-federalistiese en eurorealistiese of euro-kritiese standpunt onderskryf. Binne die ECR bevorder sommige partye en EP's sagte Euroskeptici, in teenstelling met 'n totale verwerping van die bestaan van die EU wat gekenmerk word deur anti-EU-isme of harde euroskeptisisme, deur te vra vir demokratiese hervorming van die EU, meer deursigtigheid, veranderinge aan die Eurosone en EU migrasie/asielbeleid, en die bekamping van sommige van die EU se magte en burokrasie, terwyl onbeperkte vrye handel en samewerking tussen nasies gehandhaaf word.^[11]^[12] Ander partye en individuele EP's binne die groep ondersteun volledige onttrekking uit die blok, referendums oor EU-lidmaatskap en opposisie teen die Eurosone.^[13]

Verwysings

↑ "ECR formation – Press release june 22 2009". 22 Junie 2009. Besoek op 14 Mei 2015 – via Scribd.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Christophe Gillissen (2010). Ireland: Looking East. Peter Lang. p. 157. ISBN 978-90-5201-652-8.
↑ Jørn Holm-Hansen (2011). "Continuity and Change in Polish Party Politics Since 1989". In Ingo Peters; Elisabeth Bakke (reds.). 20 Years Since the Fall of the Berlin Wall: Transitions, State Break-Up and Democratic Politics in Central Europe and Germany. BWV Verlag. p. 277. ISBN 978-3-8305-1975-1. Besoek op 6 Februarie 2013.
↑ Senem Aydin-Düzgit (2012). Constructions of European Identity: Debates and Discourses on Turkey and the EU. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-137-28351-1.
↑ Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics [2 volumes]: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8.
↑ Matt Cole; Helen Deighan (2012). Political Parties in Britain. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-7486-6903-5.
↑ François Foret (2015). Religion and Politics in the European Union: The Secular Canopy. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-107-08271-7.
↑ "Conservative MEPs form new group". BBC. 22 Junie 2009. Besoek op 22 Junie 2009.
↑
- Ingeborg Toemmel (2014). The European Union: What it is and how it Works. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-137-42754-0.
- "EU parliament sees birth of new right-wing group". EUobserver. 22 Junie 2009. Besoek op 18 Julie 2011.
- "Tory minders gag right-wing allies in the ECR". The Times. London. 8 November 2009. Besoek op 18 Julie 2011.
- "New-look European Parliament". BBC News. 3 September 2009. Besoek op 18 Julie 2011.
↑ Reformists, European Conservatives and. "ECR Group – European Conservatives and Reformists Group". ecrgroup.eu. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Februarie 2018. Besoek op 15 Desember 2017.
↑ Erkanor Saka (2009). Mediating the EU: Deciphering the Transformation of Turkish Elites (PhD Thesis). p. 202. ISBN 978-1-109-21663-9. Besoek op 9 Maart 2016.^{[dooie skakel]}
↑ Matthew (26 Oktober 2011). "Why anti-EUism is not left-wing". Workers' Liberty. Alliance for Workers Liberty. Besoek op 31 Januarie 2016.
↑ "Senior Tory MEP urged to quit over Brexit support". Politico. 14 Maart 2016. Besoek op 24 Mei 2020.

[SCR16665126-1] "ECR formation – Press release june 22 2009". 22 Junie 2009. Besoek op 14 Mei 2015 – via Scribd.

[Gillissen2010-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Christophe Gillissen (2010). Ireland: Looking East. Peter Lang. p. 157. ISBN 978-90-5201-652-8.

[Holm-Hansen-3] Jørn Holm-Hansen (2011). "Continuity and Change in Polish Party Politics Since 1989". In Ingo Peters; Elisabeth Bakke (reds.). 20 Years Since the Fall of the Berlin Wall: Transitions, State Break-Up and Democratic Politics in Central Europe and Germany. BWV Verlag. p. 277. ISBN 978-3-8305-1975-1. Besoek op 6 Februarie 2013.

[Aydin-Düzgit2012-4] Senem Aydin-Düzgit (2012). Constructions of European Identity: Debates and Discourses on Turkey and the EU. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-137-28351-1.

[Slomp2011-5] Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics [2 volumes]: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8.

[ColeDeighan2012-6] Matt Cole; Helen Deighan (2012). Political Parties in Britain. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-7486-6903-5.

[Foget-7] François Foret (2015). Religion and Politics in the European Union: The Secular Canopy. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-107-08271-7.

[BBC-8] "Conservative MEPs form new group". BBC. 22 Junie 2009. Besoek op 22 Junie 2009.

[Toemmel2014-9] 
Ingeborg Toemmel (2014). The European Union: What it is and how it Works. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-137-42754-0.
"EU parliament sees birth of new right-wing group". EUobserver. 22 Junie 2009. Besoek op 18 Julie 2011.
"Tory minders gag right-wing allies in the ECR". The Times. London. 8 November 2009. Besoek op 18 Julie 2011.
"New-look European Parliament". BBC News. 3 September 2009. Besoek op 18 Julie 2011.

[10] Ingeborg Toemmel (2014). The European Union: What it is and how it Works. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-137-42754-0.

[11] "EU parliament sees birth of new right-wing group". EUobserver. 22 Junie 2009. Besoek op 18 Julie 2011.

[12] "Tory minders gag right-wing allies in the ECR". The Times. London. 8 November 2009. Besoek op 18 Julie 2011.

[13] "New-look European Parliament". BBC News. 3 September 2009. Besoek op 18 Julie 2011.

[10] Reformists, European Conservatives and. "ECR Group – European Conservatives and Reformists Group". ecrgroup.eu. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Februarie 2018. Besoek op 15 Desember 2017.

[11] Erkanor Saka (2009). Mediating the EU: Deciphering the Transformation of Turkish Elites (PhD Thesis). p. 202. ISBN 978-1-109-21663-9. Besoek op 9 Maart 2016.^{[dooie skakel]}

[12] Matthew (26 Oktober 2011). "Why anti-EUism is not left-wing". Workers' Liberty. Alliance for Workers Liberty. Besoek op 31 Januarie 2016.

[13] "Senior Tory MEP urged to quit over Brexit support". Politico. 14 Maart 2016. Besoek op 24 Mei 2020.

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