Kolonisasie: Verskil tussen weergawes
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Geskep deur die bladsy "Colonization" te vertaal |
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'''Kolonisasie
Die term is afgelei van die Latynse woord ''colere'', wat "om te bewoon" beteken.<ref name="Steele03">{{cite book|title=The Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes|author1=Marcy Rockman|author2=James Steele|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-25606-2}}</ref> Kolonisasie verwys net na migrasie, byvoorbeeld die setlaarkolonies in Amerika, Australië en Afrika, handelsposte en plantasies, terwyl kolonialisme daaroor handel, asook oor oorheersing oor die inheemse bevolking van sogenaamde "nuwe grondgebiede".
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Kolonisasie word verbind met die verspreiding van tientalle miljoene van Wes-Europese lande na oral oor die wêreld heen. In baie gevestigde kolonies het Wes-Europese setlaars die groot meerderheid van die bevolking uitgemaak. Voorbeelde hiervan is die Amerikas, Australië en Nieu-Seeland. Hierdie kolonies is soms "neo-Europa" genoem. In ander plekke het Wes-Europese setlaars die minderheidsgroepe uitgemak, wat dikwels oorheersend was in die plekke waar hulle hul gevestig het.<ref name="EI">{{cite book|last1=Howe|first1=Stephen|title=Empire: A Very Short Introduction|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United States|pages=21–31}}</ref>
Toe Brittanje begin het om hulle in Australië, Nieu-Seeland en verskeie ander kleiner eilande te vestig, het hulle die landmassas as
''terra nullius'' beskou.<ref name="PG">{{cite book|last1=Painter|first1=Joe|last2=Jeffrey|first2=Alex|title=Political Geography|date=2009|publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd.|location=London, GBR|page=169}}</ref> ''Terra nullius'' beteken "leë grond" in Latyn. Weens die gebrek aan//afwesigheid Europese boerderytegnieke is die grond beskou as onveranderd deur mense en is gevolglik as onbewoon behandelxxx, ondanks die teenwordigheid van inheemse bevolkings. In die 19de eeu, het wette en idees soos Mexiko se Algemene Kolonisasiewet en die Verenigde State se Lotsbestemming-manifes het die verdere kolonisasie van die Amerikas aangemoedig.
== Geskiedkundige kolonisasies ==
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In die antieke tye het nasies soos die stadstate Griekeland en Fenisië dikwels kolonies gestig waar hulle kon boer op wat hulle geglo het onbewoonde grond was. Grond wat geskik was vir boer is dikwels beset deur migrerende "barbaarse stamme" wat geleef het van jag en versamel. Antieke Grieke en Fenisiërs het die grond beskou as bloot leeg en onbewoon. Dit het egter nie beteken dat daar nie konflik was tussen die koloniseerders en die plaaslike/inheemse mense nie. Grieke en Fenisiërs het ook kolonies gevestig met die opset om handel deur die hele Mediterreen en Midde-Ooste te reguleer en uit te brei.
Nog 'n tydperk van kolonisasie in die antieke tye was gedurende die Romeinse Ryk. Die Romeinse Ryk het groot dele van Wes-Europa, Noord-Afrika en Wes-Asië verower.
In Noord-Afrika en Wes-Asië het die Romeine dikwels verower wat hulle beskou het as "beskaafde nasies". Namate hulle noord in Europa beweeg het, het hulle grootliks te doen gekry et plattelandse nasies/stamme en baie min wat as stede beskou kan word. In hierdie gebiede het golwe van kolonisasie dikwels op die verowering van die gebiede gevolg.
▲In Noord-Afrika en Wes-Asië het die Romeine dikwels verower wat hulle beskou het as "beskaafde nasies". Namate hulle noord in Europa beweeg het, het hulle grootliks te doen gekry et plattelandse nasies/stamme en baie min wat as stede beskou kan word. In hierdie gebiede het golwe van kolonisasie dikwels op die verowering van die gebiede gevolg.
Baaie van die huidige stede regdeur Europa het begin as Romeinse kolonies, soos Köln in Duitsland, wat oorspronklik ''Colonia Claudia'' deur die Romeine genoem is; en die Britse hoofstad, Londen, wat die Romeine gestig het as ''Londinium''.
=== Middeleeue ===
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Die verval en ondergang van die Romeinse Ryk was dieselfde tyd (gedeeltelik veroorsaak deur) die grootskaalse beweging van mense in Oos-Europa en Asië. Die algemene beskouiing is dat dit begin het met die nomadiese perderuiters van Asië (veral die Huns) wat beweeg het na die ryker weivelde in die weste, wat die plaaslike nasies gedwing het gedwing het om ook verder wes te trek en so aan totdat die Gote gedwing is om tot oor die grense van die Romeinse Ryk te beweeg, wat gelei het tot voortdurende oorlog met Rome, wat 'n rol gespeel het in die ondergang van die Romeinse ryk. Gedurende hierdie tydperk was daar grootskaalse bewegings van volkere wat nuwe kolonies oor die hele wes-Europa gevestig het. Die gebeure van hierdie tyd het gelei tot die ontwikkeling van baie van die moderne nasies van Europ soos die Franke in Frankryk en Duitsland en die Angel-Saksers in Engeland.
In West Asia, during Sassanid Empire, some Persians established colonies in [[Jemen|Yemen]] and [[Oman]].
The [[Wikings|Vikings]] of [[Skandinawië|Scandinavia]] also carried out a large-scale colonization. The Vikings are best known as raiders, setting out from their original homelands in [[Denemarke|Denmark]], southern [[Noorweë|Norway]] and southern [[Swede
=== Modern "Colonial Era" colonialism ===
"Colonialism" in this context refers mostly to Western European countries' colonization of lands mainly in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania; The main European countries active in this form of colonization included [[Spanje|Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Frankryk|France]], the [[Koninkryk van Engeland|Kingdom of England]], the [[Nederland|Netherlands]], and, beginning in the 18th century, [[Koninkryk van Groot-Brittanje|Great Britain]] and the [[Verenigde State van Amerika|United States]]. Most of these countries had a period of almost complete power in world trade at some stage in the era from roughly 1500 to 1900. Beginning in the late 19th century, Imperial Japan also engaged in settler colonization, most notably in [[Hokkaido]] and [[Korea]].
Some reports characterize [[Volksrepubliek China|Chinese]] activities in Tibet as colonization.<ref>''The Great Tibetan Stonewall of China'',
While many European colonization schemes focused on shorter-term exploitation of economic opportunities (Newfoundland, for example, or [[Siberië|Siberia]]) or addressed specific goals ([[Massachusetts]] or [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis|New South Wales]]), a tradition developed of careful long-term social and economic planning for both parties, but more on the colonizing countries themselves, based on elaborate theory-building (note James Oglethorpe's Colony of Georgia in the 1730s and Edward Gibbon Wakefield's New Zealand in the 1840s).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Morgan|first1=Philip D.|authorlink1=Philip D. Morgan|editor1-last=Morgan|editor1-first=Philip D.|editor1-link=Philip D. Morgan|title=African American Life in the Georgia Lowcountry: The Atlantic World and the Gullah Geechee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7X-sIs5sBQC|chapter=Lowcountry Georgia and the Early Modern Atlantic World, 1733-ca. 1820|accessdate=2013-08-04|series=Race in the Atlantic World,
== Modern colonization ==
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Colonization may be used as a method of absorbing and assimilating foreign people into the culture of the imperial country, and thus destroying any remnant of the cultures that might threaten the imperial territory over the long term by inspiring reform.
=== Russia ===
During the [[Russiese Ryk|Russian Empire]], a policy of Russification was followed, in order to impose the Russian language and culture on conquered people in territory adjacent to Russia itself. In this way, the Russian Empire aimed to gradually, and permanently, expand its territory by erasing foreign cultures{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}. Foreign languages within its territory were banned, as were foreign religions.
The Soviet regime in the 1920s tried to win the trust of non-Russians by promoting their ethnic cultures and establishing for them many of the characteristic institutional forms of the nation-state.<ref name="Terry Martin 2001 1">{{cite book|author=Terry Martin|title=The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union,
By the early-1930s this extreme multiculturalist policy proved unworkable and the Soviet regime introduced a limited russification<ref name="Richard Overy 2004 558">{{cite book|author=Richard Overy|title=The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=32Vy2Fj4KFUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=richard+overy+dictators&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22limited%20russification%22&f=false|year=2004|publisher=W.W Norton Company, Inc|page=558}}</ref> for practical reasons; voluntary assimilation, which was often a popular demand,<ref name="Terry Martin 2001 409">{{cite book|author=Terry Martin|title=The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union,
Russians were now presented as the most advanced and least chauvinist people of the Soviet Union.
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In 1934, the Soviet government established the [[Joodse Outonome Oblast|Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] in the Soviet Far East to create a homeland for the Jewish people. Another motive was to strengthen Soviet presence along the vulnerable eastern border. The region was often infiltrated by the Chinese; in 1927, Shiang-Kai-Shek had ended cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party, which further increased the threat. Fascist Japan also seemed willing and ready to detach the Far Eastern provinces from the USSR.<ref name="Nora Levin 1990 283">{{cite book|author=Nora Levin|title=The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=1Nz0N5GBW6MC|year=1990|publisher=New York University Press|page=283}}</ref> To make settlement of the inhospitable and undeveloped region more enticing, the Soviet government allowed private ownership of land. This led to many non-Jews to settle in the oblast to get a free farm.<ref name="Richard Overy 2004 567">{{cite book|author=Richard Overy|title=The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=32Vy2Fj4KFUC|year=2004|publisher=W.W Norton Company, Inc|page=567}}</ref>
By the 1930s, a massive propaganda campaign developed to induce more Jewish settlers to move there. In one instance, a government-produced Yiddish film called ''Seekers of Happiness'' told the story of a Jewish family that fled the [[Groot Depressie|Great Depression]] in the [[Verenigde State van Amerika|United States]] to make a new life for itself in Birobidzhan. Some 1,200 non-Soviet Jews chose to settle in Birobidzhan.<ref name="jewishmag.com">Arthur Rosen, [www./75mag/birobidzhan/birobidzhan.htm], February 2004</ref> The Jewish population peaked in 1948 at around 30,000, about one-quarter of the region's population. By 2010, according to data provided by the Russian Census Bureau, there were only 1,628 people of Jewish descent remaining in the JAO (1% of the total population), while ethnic Russians made up 92.7% of the JAO population.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab7.xls|title=Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года|accessdate=2013-04-19}}</ref> The JAO is Russia's only autonomous oblast<ref>[
=== Expatriate colonies ===
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=== Endo-colonization ===
Colonization may be a domestic strategy when there is a widespread security threat within a nation and weapons are turned inward, as noted by Paul Virilio:
: Obsession with security results in the ''endo-colonization'' of society: endo-colonization is the use of increasingly powerful and ubiquitous technologies of security turned ''inward'', to attempt to secure the fast and messy circulations of our globalizing, networked society…it is the increasing domination of public life with stories of dangerous otherness and suspicion…<ref>Mark Lacy (2014) ''Security, Technology and Global Politics, thinking with Virilio'', page 20, Routledge
Some instances of the burden of endo-colonization have been noted:
: The acute difficulties of the Latin American and southern European military-bureaucratic dictatorships in the seventies and early eighties and the Soviet Union in the late eighties can in large part be attributed to the economic, political and social contradictions induced by endo-colonizing militarism.<ref>[
== Hypothetical or fictional types of colonization ==
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The hypothetical permanent habitation of locations in Earth's [[Oseaan|oceans]] is called ''ocean colonization''.
Related ideas such as the floating city are much less hypothetical
=== Space colonization ===
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== Aantekeninge en verwysings ==
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