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==Economics==
Path dependency theoryPadafhanklikheidsteorie was originallyoorspronklik developedontwikkel bydeur economistsekonome toom explaintegnologie technologyingebruiknemingsprosesse adoptionen processesindustrieëvolusie andte industry evolutionverduidelik. TheDie theoreticalteoretiese ideasidees havehet had'n astrek stronginvloed influencegehad onop [[evolutionaryevolusionêre economicsekonomie]] (eb.gv., Nelson & Winter 1982).
Daar is baie modelle en empiriese gevalle waar [[ekonomie|ekonomiese]] prosesse nie na 'n voorafbepaalde, unieke [[ekonomiese ekwilibrium|ekwilibrium]] konvergeer nie, sodat die eienskappe van enige ekwilibrium wat bereik is gedeelte afhang van die proses wat daartoe gelei het. Die uitkoms van 'n padafhanklike proses sal dikwels nie na 'n unieke ekwilibrium [[Konvergensie|konvergeer]] nie maar eerder na een van verskeie ekwilibriums (wat partykeer bekend staan as absorberende toestande).
There are many models and empirical cases where [[economic]] processes do not progress steadily toward some pre-determined and unique [[economic equilibrium|equilibrium]], so that the nature of any equilibrium achieved depends partly on the process of getting there. The outcome of a path dependent process will often not [[Convergence|converge]] towards a unique equilibrium but instead reach one of several equilibria (sometimes known as absorbing states).
Hierdie dinamiese uitkyk van ekonomiese evolusie is baie anders as die tradisie van [[neo-klassieke ekonomie]], wat in sy eenvoudigste vorm aanneem dat slegs een uitkoms bereik kan word, ongeag die aanvanklike voorwaardes of oorgangsgebeurtenisse. Betreffende padafhanklikheid, kan albei die beginpunt en 'toevallige' gebeurtenisse ([[geraas]]) verreikende effekte op die eventuele uitkoms hê. In elk van die volgende voorbeelde is dit moontlik om sommige [[lukrake]] gebeurtenisse, wat die ontknopinge onherroeplik versteur het, uit te sonder:
This dynamic vision of economic evolution is very different from the [[neo-classical economics]] tradition, which in its simplest form assumed that only a single outcome could possibly be reached, regardless of initial conditions or transitory events. With path dependence, both the starting point and 'accidental' events ([[noise]]) can have significant effects on the ultimate outcome. In each of the following examples it is possible to identify some [[random]] events that disrupted the ongoing course, with irreversible consequences:
* In thedie 1980s, thehet Udie V.S. dollar [[exchange ratewisselkoers]] appreciated,in loweringwaarde gestyg, thewat worlddie pricewêreldprys ofvan [[tradableverhandelbare goodsgoedere]] belowlaat thesak costhet oftot production'n invlak wat laer was as wat die produksiekoste van manybaie (previouslyvoorheen successfulsuksusvolle) [[UnitedVerenigde StatesState|UV.S.]] manufacturesvervaardigers was. SomeSommige ofvan thedie factoriesfabrieke which closedwat as agevolg resulttoegemaak couldhet, nowkon benou runteen at a'n (cash-flowkontantvloei) profitwins bestuur word, becauseomdat thedie dollar hasse declinedwaarde geval het. HoweverNietemin, re-openingsou themhul isheropeninge te duur toogewees expensivehet. ThisHierdie is an'n examplevoorbeeld ofvan [[hysteresishisterisis]] anden irreversiblityonherroeplikheid.
* In economicekonomiese developmentontwikkeling, itword isdit saidgesê (initiallyaanvanklike bydeur Paul David in 1985) thatdat a'n ''standardstandaard'' whichwat isdie first-to-marketeerste canop becomedie entrenchedmark is, verskans word (likesoos thedie [[QWERTY]] layoutuitleg wat in typewriterstikmasjiene stillgebruik usedis inen vandag steeds vir rekenaarsleutelborde computergebruik keyboardsword). HeHy calledhet thishierdie "path dependencepadafhanklikheid", andgenoem argueden thathet inferiorgeredeneer standardsdat canmindere persiststandaarde simplykan becausevolhard ofeenvoudig thete legacydanke theyaan havehul built upnalatenskap. TheDie caseargumente againstteen [[QWERTY]] hashet beenkritiek criticizedgewerf (eb.gv. bydeur ''The Fable of the Keys''), butmaar standardsstandaarde areis clearlysonder verytwyfel importantbaie belangrik in modernmoderne economies,ekonomieë anden thedie significancebeduidendheid ofvan path dependencepadafhanklikheid in determiningdie howbepaling theyvan formhoe hulle tot stand kom, is the'n subjectonderwerp ofvir economicekonomiese debatedebatvoering.
* Economists since [[Adam Smith]] have noted that businesses of a certain type tend to congregate geographically, attracting workers with skills in that business, which draw in more businesses looking for employees with experience. There may not have been any particular reason to prefer one place to another before the industry developed, but as it has become concentrated in one place any new entrants elsewhere are at a disadvantage, and will tend to move into the hub if possible, further increasing its relative efficiency. The mechanism at work is a [[network effect]]. [[New Trade Theory]] and Krugman's "New Economic Geography" are based partly on this story.
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