Jigme Singye Wangchuck: Verskil tussen weergawes
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k Robot: standardiseer verwysingsjablone en voeg argiefskakels in. |
k Robot: standardiseer verwysingsjablone en voeg argiefskakels in. |
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[[Beeld:Jigme Singye Wangchuck and Robert Blake.jpg|duimnael|300px|links|Wangchuk en drie van sy vroue in 2010 by die destydse [[VSA|Amerikaanse]] onderminister van buitelandse sake vir Suid- en Sentraal-Asië, Robert O. Blake.]]
In 1986 het die koning die beplanningskommissie opdrag gegee<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnhc.gov.bt |title=Gross National Happiness Commission |author=Sonam Tobgay |work=gnhc.gov.bt |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023742/http://www.gnhc.gov.bt:80/ |archive-date=30 Junie 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> om met die sesde ontwikkelingsplan aandag te skenk aan die geluk en welsyn van die bevolking.<ref name="Sixth FYP">{{cite web|url=http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/06fyp.pdf |accessdate=2015-06-15|author=Gross National Happiness Commission|title=6th Five Year Plan}}</ref> Die [[bruto nasionale geluk]] het eindelik die maatstaf van ontwikkeling geword.
Min inligting oor die sosiale en ekonomiese situasie in Bhoetan van voor 1974 is bekend. Sedertdien is padnetwerke uitgebrei: Teen 1974 was daar paaie van 1 332 km, in vergelyking met 4 544 km teen die einde van sy bewind in 2006. [[Telefoon]]verbindings het in dieselfde tyd van 480 tot 31 526 toegeneem. Studente het van 13 410 tot sowat 151 260 gestyg. Teen 2006 het byna 90% van kinders skoolgegaan en 60% van die bevolking was geletterd danksy gratis opvoeding.
Gesondheidsdienste, veilige drinkwater en beter voeding het gelei tot ’n lewensverwagting van 66 jaar. In 1974 was daar 56 gesondheidsinstellings teenoor die 715 in 2006, met 90% gratis gesondheidsdekking. Kindersterftes het afgeneem van 142 in 1985 tot 60 in 2006 en sterftes van moeders tydens geboorte van 7,7% tot 2,6%.<ref name="AHB2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.health.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/ftps/annual-health-bulletins/bulletin2006.zip |access-date=12 Junie 2015 |author=Ministry of Health |title=Annual Health Bulletin 2006 |language=ms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025420/http://www.health.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/ftps/annual-health-bulletins/bulletin2006.zip |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[Elektrisiteit]]seenhede het toegeneem van 4 miljoen in 1974 tot 3,357 miljard in 2006. Die [[internet]], [[faks]]e, [[Televisie|satelliet-TV]], [[rekenaar]]s en [[Lugredery|lugdienste]] het Bhoetan met die internasionale wêreld verbind. Die nasionale inkomste van die land, soos gemeet deur die [[bruto binnelandse produk]], was in 1985 [[Ngultrum|Nu]] 2,4 miljard en in 2006 Nu 36,9 miljard, wat ’n toename van 15 keer in 21 jaar is.
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===Omstredenheid===
As die [[absolute monargie|absolute monarg]] van ’n destyds geheimsinnige koninkryk<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20120416-kingdom-in-the-clouds-of-bhutan |title=Bhutan, the kingdom of the clouds |last=Grunert |first=Peter |access-date=20 Augustus 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011104148/http://www.bbc.com:80/travel/story/20120416-kingdom-in-the-clouds-of-bhutan |archive-date=11 Oktober 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> het Wangchuk in die 1990's die grootste vlugtelingkrisis per capita veroorsaak deur ’n sesde van die land se [[Nepalees]]sprekende burgers te verban "om Bhoetan se nasionale identiteit te bewaar".<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/04/2011420121856587955.html |title=No homecoming for Bhutan's refugees |last=Sarkar |first=Sudeshna |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=18 Augustus 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825073159/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/04/2011420121856587955.html |archive-date=25 Augustus 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Nepal,-Bhutanese-refugees-ask-new-king-for-end-of-exile-13693.html |title=Nepal, Bhutanese refugees ask new king for end of exile |last=AsiaNews.it |website=www.asianews.it |access-date=18 Augustus 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107054406/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Nepal,-Bhutanese-refugees-ask-new-king-for-end-of-exile-13693.html |archive-date=7 Januarie 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/bhutans-dark-secret-the-lhotshampa-expulsion/ |title=Bhutan's Dark Secret: The Lhotshampa Expulsion |last=Diplomat |first=Maximillian Mørch, The |work=The Diplomat |access-date=18 Augustus 2018 |language=Engels |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305102514/https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/bhutans-dark-secret-the-lhotshampa-expulsion/ |archive-date=5 Maart 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/enigma-bhutan/|title=The Enigma of Bhutan {{!}} The Nation|last=Bird|first=Kai|access-date=2018-08-18|language=en-US|issn=0027-8378}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/nepal-unsettling-resettlement-bhutans-refugees |title=Nepal: The Unsettling Resettlement of Bhutan's Refugees |work=ReliefWeb |access-date=18 Augustus 2018 |language=Engels |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125143425/https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/nepal-unsettling-resettlement-bhutans-refugees |archive-date=25 November 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Wangchuk se regering het hierdie [[Etniese suiwering in Bhoetan|etniese suiwering]] uitgevoer omdat dit die land se Nepaleessprekende bevolking beskou het as ’n bedreiging vir Bhoetan se regerende minderheid, die ''Drukpa'' of "Draakvolk". Meer as 100 000 van hulle woon steeds in vlugtelingkampe, maar baie is in [[Weste]]rse land hervestig.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/02/01/bhutans-ethnic-cleansing |title=Bhutan's ethnic cleansing |date=1 Februarie 2008 |work=Human Rights Watch |access-date=18 Augustus 2018 |language=Engels |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115035250/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/02/01/bhutans-ethnic-cleansing |archive-date=15 Januarie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/29/opinion/bhutan-is-no-shangri-la.html|title=Opinion {{!}} Bhutan Is No Shangri-La|last=Mishra|first=Vidhyapati|access-date=2018-08-18|language=Engels}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/bhutanese-refugee-crisis-a-brief-history/|title=Bhutanese refugee crisis: a brief history|date=2016-10-14|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=2018-08-18|language=Engels}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/the-ethnic-cleansing-hidden-behind-bhutans-happy-face-918473.html |title=The ethnic cleansing hidden behind Bhutan's happy face - Firstpost |website=www.firstpost.com |access-date=18 Augustus 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223195550/https://www.firstpost.com/world/the-ethnic-cleansing-hidden-behind-bhutans-happy-face-918473.html |archive-date=23 Desember 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2014/05/bhutan-forgotten-people-201452081049514496.html |title=Bhutan's forgotten people |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=18 Augustus 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825073158/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2014/05/bhutan-forgotten-people-201452081049514496.html |archive-date=25 Augustus 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
==Vroue en kinders==
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