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As pawns differ so much from other pieces, the usage of the word ''pieces'' in chess literature usually excludes the pawns, although this distinction between "pieces" and "pawns" is not found in the [[Rules of chess|official rules]].
==Movement==
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|Initial placement of the pawns.}}
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|Pawn movement. The pawn can move to the square in front of itself. A pawn on its starting rank has the option of moving two squares.}}
{{Table chess pieces}}
{{Clear}}
Pawns are unusual in movement and use. Unlike all the other pieces, pawns may not move backwards. Normally a pawn moves by advancing a single square, but the first time each pawn is moved from its initial position, it has the option to advance two squares. Pawns may not use the initial two-square advance to jump over an occupied square, or to capture. Any piece directly in front of a pawn, friend or foe, blocks its advance. In the diagram at right, the pawn on c4 may move to c5, while the pawn on e2 may move to either e3 or e4.
===Capturing===
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|The white pawn at d5 may capture either the black rook at c6 or the black knight at e6, but not the bishop at d6, which instead blocks its straight way forward.}}
Unlike other pieces, the pawn does not capture in the same way as it moves. A pawn captures diagonally, one square forward and to the left or right.
In the diagram to the left, the white pawn may capture either the black rook or the black knight.
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|''En passant'' capture, assuming that the black pawn has just moved from c7 to c5. The white pawn moves to the c6 square and the black pawn is removed.}}
An even more unusual move is the ''[[en passant]]'' capture.
This arises when a pawn uses its initial-move option to advance two squares instead of one, and in so doing passes over a square that is attacked by an enemy pawn.
That enemy pawn, which would have been able to capture the moving pawn had it advanced only one square, is entitled to capture the moving pawn "in passing" ''as if'' it had advanced only one square. The capturing pawn moves into the empty square over which the moving pawn moved, and the moving pawn is removed from the board.
In the diagram at right, the black pawn has just moved c7 to c5, so the white pawn may capture it by moving from d5 to c6. The option to capture ''en passant'' must be exercised on the move immediately following the double-square pawn advance, or it is lost. The ''en passant'' move was added to the pawn's repertoire in the late thirteenth century to compensate for the then newly added two-square initial move rule. Without ''en passant'', a pawn could simply march past squares guarded by opposing pawns; ''en passant'' preserves the restrictive ability of pawns that have reached the fifth rank.
===Promotion===
{{main|Promotion (chess)}}
A pawn that advances all the way to the opposite side of the board (the opposing player's first rank) is ''[[Promotion (chess)|promoted]]'' to another piece of that player's choice of a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color. The pawn is immediately (before the opposing player's next move) replaced by the new piece.
The choice of promotion is ''not'' limited to captured pieces. It is both legal and possible for one player to simultaneously have as many as ten knights, ten bishops, ten rooks or nine queens. While this extreme would almost never occur in practice, in game 11 of their 1927 world championship match, [[José Raúl Capablanca]] and [[Alexander Alekhine]] each had two queens in play at once.<ref>http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1270221 Capablanca-Alekhine 1927, game 11</ref> While some finer sets do include an extra queen of each color, most standard chess sets do not come with additional pieces, so the physical piece used to replace a promoted pawn is usually one that was previously captured. When the correct piece is not available, some substitute is used: a second queen is often indicated by inverting a previously captured rook or a piece is borrowed from a different set. This issue does not arise in [[computer chess]].
Promotion is often called "queening", because the piece chosen is nearly always a queen. When some other piece is chosen it is known as "[[underpromotion]]" and the piece selected is most often a [[knight (chess)|knight]] used to execute a [[checkmate]] or a [[Fork (chess)|fork]] giving the player a net increase in material compared to promoting to a queen. Underpromotion is also used in situations where promoting to a queen would give instant [[stalemate]] and the promotion cannot be deferred until this situation has ceased.
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{{Skaaksaadjie}}
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