Toegeneentheid

Toegeneentheid, aangetrokkenheid, verliefdheid of geneentheid is 'n "gesindheid of geestesgesteldheid"^[1] wat dikwels met 'n soort liefde of gevoel van liefde geassosieer word. Dit het tot die ontstaan van verskeie filosofie- en sielkundedeterreine rakende emosie, siekte, invloed en geestesgesteldheid gelei.^[2] "Toegeneentheid" word algemeen gebruik om 'n soort liefde of gevoel van liefde aan te dui wat meer as bloot goedgesindheid of vriendskap behels. Skrywers oor etiek gebruik die woord oor die algemeen om na spesifieke gevoelstoestande te verwys, blywend sowel as spasmodies. Sommiges kontrasteer dit met passie in die sin dat dit los van die onderskeidend sensuele element bestaan.^[3]

Selfs 'n baie eenvoudige demonstrasie van toegeneentheid kan 'n wye verskeidenheid emosionele reaksies uitlok, van verleentheid tot weersin tot genot tot ergerlikheid. Dit het ook verskillende fisieke uitwerkings op die gewer en die ontvanger.^[4]

Beperkte definisie

Meer spesifiek is die woord tot emosionele gesteldhede beperk, waarvan die objek 'n lewende wese soos 'n mens of dier is. Toegeneentheid word met passie, afkomstig van die Griekse "patos" vergelyk. As sulks verskyn dit in die geskrifte van die Franse filosoof René Descartes, die Nederlandse filosoof Baruch Spinoza, en in die meeste van die geskrifte van die vroeë Britse etici. Om verskeie redes (bv. die feit dat dit nie angstigheid of opwinding insluit nie, dat dit relatief onaktief is, en weens die algehele afwesigheid van die sensuele element), word dit egter gewoonlik van passie onderskei. In hierdie enger sin het die woord 'n groot rol in etiese stelsels gespeel, waar sosiale of ouerlike toegeneentheid in 'n sekere sin as deel van 'n morele verpligting beskou word. Vir 'n bespreking van hierdie en soortgelyke probleme, wat uiteindelik berus op die mate waarin die toegeneentheid as vrywillig beskou word, sien H. Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics pp. 345–349.

Uitdrukking

Toegeneentheid kan deur middel van woorde, gebare of aanrakings gekommunikeer word. Liefderyke gedrag het moontlik vanuit ouerlike vertroetelende gedrag ontwikkel as gevolg van die assosiasies met hormonale belonings.^[5] Daar is bevind dat breinontwikkeling by babas deur hierdie liefdesbetuigings beïnvloed word.^[6] Uitdrukkings van toegeneentheid kan onwelkom wees indien dit 'n moontlike bedreiging vir 'n persoon se welsyn inhou. Sou dit egter verwelkom word, word toegeneentheid met verskeie gesondheidsvoordele geassosieer. Daar is al beweer dat interpersoonlike interaksie deur positiewe emosies bevorder word, en dat familiariteit wat deur toegeneentheid verkry is, onderlinge positiewe emosies bevorder.^[7]

Toegeneentheid kan in verskillende kulture op verskillende maniere gedemonstreer word. By die Manchu-etniese groep is dit byvoorbeeld onvanpas vir 'n ma om haar baba in die openbaar te soen, terwyl dit as 'n gepaste liefdesbetuiging beskou word om in die openbaar fellasie met haar babaseuntjie te beoefen.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] Sommige individue met aleksitimie vind dit moeilik, of het selfs 'n onvermoë om toegeneentheid te ervaar of uit te druk.^[13]

Verwysings

↑ affection – Definitions from Dictionary.com
↑ 17th and 18th Century Theories of Emotions > Francis Hutcheson on the Emotions (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
↑ Hierdie artikel maak gebruik van feite en teks uit die Encyclopædia Britannica van 1911. Die bron is in die publieke domein.
↑ https://researchmatters.asu.edu/stories/effects-affection-960.
↑ according to communication professor Kory Floyd of the University of Arizona
↑ Infant Observation: International Journal of Infant Observation and Its Applications
↑ "Archived copy" (PDF) (in Japannees). Geargiveer (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 16 Maart 2012. Besoek op 7 Oktober 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
↑ Clarke, John R. (2001). Looking at Lovemaking (1st paperback print uitg.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-520-22904-4. In the Manchu tribe, a mother will routinely suck her small son's penis in public but would never kiss his cheeks. Among adults, the Manchu believe, fellatio is a sexual act, but kissing—even between mother and infant son—is always a sexual act, and thus fellation becomes the proper display of motherly affection.
↑ Barre, Weston La (1975). "The Cultural Basis of Emotions and Gestures". In Davis, Martha (red.). Anthropological Perspectives of Movement. Arno Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-405-06201-8. Manchu kissing is purely a private sexual act, and though husband and wife or lovers might kiss each other, they would do it stealthily since it is shameful to do … yet Manchu mothers have the pattern of putting the penis of the baby boy into their mouths, a practice which probably shocks Westerners even more than kissing in public shocks the Manchu.
↑ Barre, Weston La (1974). "The Cultural Basis of Emotions and Gestures". In Starr, Jerold M. (red.). Social structure and social personality. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 79.
↑ Halperin, David M.; Winkler, John J.; Zeitlin, Froma I. (1990). Before Sexuality. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-691-00221-7.
↑ Walls, Neal (2001). Desire, Discord and Death. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-89757-056-5.
↑ Sifneos, Peter E. "Problems of psychotherapy of patients with alexithymic characteristics and physical disease."

Verdere leesstof

Janice Raymond. 2001. A Passion for Friends. Publisher. Spinifex Press, ISBN 1-876756-08-X, 9781876756086
Elizabeth Sibthorpe Pinchard.2012. Family Affection: A Tale for Youth. Publisher- Hardpress Publishing, 2012 ISBN 1-290-00670-9, 9781290006705
Joshua Hordern. 2013. Political Affections: Civic Participation and Moral Theology^{[dooie skakel]}. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-964681-3
Robin Becker. 2006. Domain of Perfect Affection. Publisher University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-5931-3, 9780822959311
Kory Floyd. 2006. Communicating Affection: Interpersonal Behavior and Social Context. Advances in Personal Relationships. Publisher Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83205-5, 9780521832052
Tuan Yi-fu. 1984. Dominance & affection: The making of pets. Publisher-Yale University Press (New Haven). ISBN 0-300-03222-6
International Journal of Infant Observation and Its Applications. 2011. ISSN 1369-8036
Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences ; Vol 16 Issue 2. 2006.
Infant Observation: International Journal of Infant Observation and Its Applications.Why love matters: How affection shapes a baby's brain.2006.
Gustav Moritz. 1850. Duty and Affection. Publisher-Oxford University
Sue Gerhardt. 2004. Why Love Matters: How Affection Shapes a Baby's Brain. Publisher-Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-58391-817-5, 9781583918173
Gretchen Reydams-Schils. 2005. The Roman Stoics: Self, Responsibility, and Affection. Publisher University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-30837-5, 9780226308371
Ariel Knafo & Robert Plomin. 2006. Parental Discipline and Affection and Children’s Prosocial Behavior:Genetic and Environmental Links^{[dooie skakel]}
Maurice A. Feldman, Laurie Case et al. 1989. Parent Education Project Iii: Increasing Affection And Responsivity In Developmentally Handicapped Mothers: Component Analysis, Generalization, And Effects On Child Language
Halliday, James L. 1953. Concept of a Psychosomatic Affection. Publisher- Ronald Press Company
Kory Floyd & Mark T. Morman. Affection received from fathers as a predictor of men's affection with their own sons: Tests of the modeling and compensation hypotheses. 2009.

[1] tion – Definitions from Dictionary.com

[2] 17th and 18th Century Theories of Emotions > Francis Hutcheson on the Emotions (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

[EB1911-3] Hierdie artikel maak gebruik van feite en teks uit die Encyclopædia Britannica van 1911. Die bron is in die publieke domein.

[4] ttps://researchmatters.asu.edu/stories/effects-affection-960.

[5] rding to communication professor Kory Floyd of the University of Arizona

[6] Infant Observation: International Journal of Infant Observation and Its Applications

[7] "Archived copy" (PDF) (in Japannees). Geargiveer (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 16 Maart 2012. Besoek op 7 Oktober 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[8] Clarke, John R. (2001). Looking at Lovemaking (1st paperback print uitg.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-520-22904-4. In the Manchu tribe, a mother will routinely suck her small son's penis in public but would never kiss his cheeks. Among adults, the Manchu believe, fellatio is a sexual act, but kissing—even between mother and infant son—is always a sexual act, and thus fellation becomes the proper display of motherly affection.

[9] Barre, Weston La (1975). "The Cultural Basis of Emotions and Gestures". In Davis, Martha (red.). Anthropological Perspectives of Movement. Arno Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-405-06201-8. Manchu kissing is purely a private sexual act, and though husband and wife or lovers might kiss each other, they would do it stealthily since it is shameful to do … yet Manchu mothers have the pattern of putting the penis of the baby boy into their mouths, a practice which probably shocks Westerners even more than kissing in public shocks the Manchu.

[10] Barre, Weston La (1974). "The Cultural Basis of Emotions and Gestures". In Starr, Jerold M. (red.). Social structure and social personality. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 79.

[11] Halperin, David M.; Winkler, John J.; Zeitlin, Froma I. (1990). Before Sexuality. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-691-00221-7.

[12] Walls, Neal (2001). Desire, Discord and Death. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-89757-056-5.

[13] Sifneos, Peter E. "Problems of psychotherapy of patients with alexithymic characteristics and physical disease."

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