Metaalvlerkie

Riodinidae
	Reis van die Oostenrykse fregat Novara regoor die wêreld in 1857, 1858, 1859, onder die bevel van Kommandeur B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. (1864) Zoologischer Theil. 2. Band. Afdeling Twee: Lepidoptera. Plaat XXXVI. Riodinidae
Wetenskaplike klassifikasie
Koninkryk:	Animalia
Filum:	Arthropoda
Klas:	Insecta
Orde:	Lepidoptera
Suborde:	Ditrysia
Infraorde:	Rhopalocera
Superfamilie:	Papilionoidea
Familie:	Riodinidae; Grote, 1895
Subfamilies
	Euselasiinae; Nemeobiinae Riodininae

Metaalvlerkies (Riodinidae) is ’n familie van vlinders, met ongeveer 1 400–1 500 spesies^[1]^[2] wêreldwyd. Die naam "metaalvlerkies" verwys na die metaal-agtige kolle op hul vlerke.

Taksonomie wysig

Riodinidae word tans beskou as 'n afsonderlike familie binne die superfamilie Papilionoidea, maar in die verlede was dit geklassifiseer as die subfamilie Riodinidae van die Lycaenidae-familie. Vroeër was dit beskou as deel van die ontbinde Erycinidae-familie, waarvan die spesies verdeel is tussen hierdie familie en die subfamilie Libytheinae.

Vandag verkies die meeste taksonome om dit as 'n onafhanklike familie te aanvaar selfs al is daar teenargumente.^[3] Volgens morfologiese studies deur Ackery et al. in die handleiding van dierkunde (Kristensen 1998, vgl. literatuur) word Riodinidae in die Lycaenidae-familie geplaas. Kristensen et al. aanvaar, in 2007, dat die handleiding op 'n voorlopige basis opgedateer word, om Riodinidae as 'n onafhanklike familie te klassifiseer.^[4]

Molekulêre filogenie (gebaseer op homoloë DNA-volgordes) vind 'n sustergroepverhouding tussen Riodinidae en Lycaenidae, en dit word byna eenstemmig aanvaar.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Verwysings wysig

↑ "World Butterfly Census (data collated by Hoskins from sources including Tolman 1997, Larsen 2005, Lamas 2004, d'Abrera 2001, Scott 1992, Preston-Mafham 1988, McCubbin 1971, Eliot/Corbet & Pendlebury 1992, Shields 1989, Ackery 1995, funet 2014, BoldSystems 2014, LepIndex 2014)". Adrian Hoskins (www.learnaboutbutterflies.com). Besoek op 4 April 2017.
↑ "Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 43(3), 1989, 178-183 – World Numbers of Butterflies" (PDF). Lepidopterists' Society. Besoek op 4 April 2017.
↑ Zhao F, Huang DY, Sun XY, Shi QH, Hao JS, Zhang LL, Yang Q. (2013): The first mitochondrial genome for the butterfly family Riodinidae (Abisara fylloides) and its systematic implications. Zoological Research 34 (E4−5): E109−E119. doi:10.11813/j.issn.0254-5853.2013.E4−5.E109
↑ Philip R. Ackery, Rienk de Jong, Richard I. Vane-Wright: The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea. In: Niels P. Kristensen (editor): Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Walter de Gruvter, Berlin & New York 1999. vgl. pp. 283-284
↑ Dana L. Campbell and Naomi E. Pierce (2003): Phylogenetic relationships of the Riodinidae: Implications for the evolution of ant association. In: C. Boggs, P. Ehrlich, W.B. Watt (editors). Butterflies as Model Systems. Chicago University Press: 395-408. laai af Geargiveer 3 Desember 2013 op Wayback Machine
↑ Niklas Wahlberg, Michael F Braby, Andrew V.Z Brower, Rienk de Jong, Ming-Min Lee, Sören Nylin, Naomi E Pierce, Felix A.H Sperling, Roger Vila, Andrew D Warren and Evgueni Zakharov (2005): Synergistic effects of combining morphological and molecular data in resolving the phylogeny of butterflies and skippers. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 272: 1577-1586. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3124
↑ Aria Heikkilä, Lauri Kaila, Marko Mutanen, Carlos Peña, Niklas Wahlberg (2012) Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 279: 1093-1099. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1430

Hierdie artikel is in sy geheel of gedeeltelik vanuit die Engelse Wikipedia-artikel vertaal

[LAB_Census-1] "World Butterfly Census (data collated by Hoskins from sources including Tolman 1997, Larsen 2005, Lamas 2004, d'Abrera 2001, Scott 1992, Preston-Mafham 1988, McCubbin 1971, Eliot/Corbet & Pendlebury 1992, Shields 1989, Ackery 1995, funet 2014, BoldSystems 2014, LepIndex 2014)". Adrian Hoskins (www.learnaboutbutterflies.com). Besoek op 4 April 2017.

[Lepidopterists89-2] "Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 43(3), 1989, 178-183 – World Numbers of Butterflies" (PDF). Lepidopterists' Society. Besoek op 4 April 2017.

[3] Zhao F, Huang DY, Sun XY, Shi QH, Hao JS, Zhang LL, Yang Q. (2013): The first mitochondrial genome for the butterfly family Riodinidae (Abisara fylloides) and its systematic implications. Zoological Research 34 (E4−5): E109−E119. doi:10.11813/j.issn.0254-5853.2013.E4−5.E109

[4] Philip R. Ackery, Rienk de Jong, Richard I. Vane-Wright: The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea. In: Niels P. Kristensen (editor): Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Walter de Gruvter, Berlin & New York 1999. vgl. pp. 283-284

[5] Dana L. Campbell and Naomi E. Pierce (2003): Phylogenetic relationships of the Riodinidae: Implications for the evolution of ant association. In: C. Boggs, P. Ehrlich, W.B. Watt (editors). Butterflies as Model Systems. Chicago University Press: 395-408. laai af Geargiveer 3 Desember 2013 op Wayback Machine

[6] Niklas Wahlberg, Michael F Braby, Andrew V.Z Brower, Rienk de Jong, Ming-Min Lee, Sören Nylin, Naomi E Pierce, Felix A.H Sperling, Roger Vila, Andrew D Warren and Evgueni Zakharov (2005): Synergistic effects of combining morphological and molecular data in resolving the phylogeny of butterflies and skippers. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 272: 1577-1586. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3124

[7] Aria Heikkilä, Lauri Kaila, Marko Mutanen, Carlos Peña, Niklas Wahlberg (2012) Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 279: 1093-1099. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1430

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