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Die '''preorbitaalklier ''' is 'n gepaarde eksokriene [[klier]] gevindwat in baiedie meeste spesies van [[Ewehoewiges|hoefdiere]] gevind word, en wat homoloog is aan die traanklier gevind invan die mens. Hierdie kliere is gragsplete vanmet 'n [[donkerblou]] tot [[swart]] kleur, en byna kaal vel strekwat vanaf elke oogooghoek strek. Hulle word gevoergevoed deur 'n kombinasie van die talgkliere en sudoriferus [[Klier|kliere]]soedoriferuskliere, en hulle produseer afskeidings wat feromone en ander chemiese verbindings bevat.<ref name="Rue2004"><cite class="citation book">Rue III, LL (2004). </cite></ref> Meeste hoefdiere deponeer dikwels hierdie afskeidings op takkies en gras as 'n metode van kommunikasie met ander diere.<ref name="Albone1984"><cite class="citation book">Albone, ES (1984). </cite></ref><ref name="Schulz2005"><cite class="citation book">Burger, BV (2005). </cite></ref>
Die preorbitaalklier dien verskillende rolle in verskillende spesies. Feromoonbevattende afskeidings van die preorbitaalklier kan dien om vas te stel of 'n dier dominant is (veral in die voorbereiding vir teling),<ref name="Kile1977"><cite class="citation journal">Kile, TL; Marchinton, RL (1977). </cite></ref> merk van sy [[Gebiedsgebondenheid|grondgebied]], of net om 'n aangename sensasie aan die dier te produseer.<ref name="deerglands"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.deerglands.com/ "Understanding deer glands"]. </cite></ref> As gevolg van sy kritiese rol in reukmerking, word die preorbitaalklier beskou as 'n tipe van reukklier. 'n Verdere funksie van hierdie kliere is om antimikrobiese middels te produseer om vel[[Patogeen|patogene]] te bestry. Antimikrobiese verbindings wat in hierdie kliere gevind word, kan deur die dier self gebiosinteer word, of deur die [[Mikro-organisme|mikro-organismes]] wat in hierdie kliere lewe.<ref name="Wood2010"><cite class="citation journal">Wood, WF (2010). </cite></ref>
== In serwids ==
[[Lêer:Red_deer_stag_2009_denmark.jpg|links|duimnael|Foto van 'n manlike [[edelhert]] (''Cervus elaphus''), geneem tydens die paarseisoen. Let op die prominente preorbitaalklier, wat vergroot is.]]
[[Hertagtiges|Deer]] Hertagtiges het sewe groot eksterne reukkliere, versprei oor hul liggame. Hierdie kliere is die voorkopkliere (geleë op die voorkop), die preorbitaalkliere (geleë onder die oë), die nasale kliere (geleë binne-in die neusgate), die interdigitale kliere (geleë tussen die tone), die preputiaalklier (geleë binne-in die voorhuid van die bok se penis), die metatarsale klieremetatarsaalkliere (geleë buite die agterbene), en die tarsale klieretarsaalkliere (geleë binnekant van die agterste bene).<ref name="Nickens2009"><cite class="citation web">Nickens, TE (2009-11-05). </cite></ref> Maar dit is nie hul primêre funksie, funksioneer die speekselkliere ook funksioneer as die reuk klierereukkliere. DeerEdelherte maak swaar staat op hierdie reukkliere om met ander lede van hul spesie te kommunikeer, en moontlik selfs met lede van ander spesies. 'n Gemsbok kan sy preorbitaalklier bloot vir die plesier aan 'n tak vryf.<ref name="deerglands"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.deerglands.com/ "Understanding deer glands"]. </cite></ref>
== In bovids ==
[[Lêer:Hirola2.jpg|links|duimnael|[[Hirola]]'s (''Beatragus hunteri'') isword dikwels na verwys as die "vier oë bokkevieroog-antelope", as gevolg van hul groot preorbitaalkliere<ref name="Frommer2010"><cite class="citation book">Madar, A; Nadeau, M, eds. (2010). </cite></ref>]]
Die [[Horingdraers|bovidshoringdraers]] ([[Familie (biologie)|familie]] Bovidae) bestaan uit 'n ongeveer 140 spesies van herkouers waar ten minste die manlikes onvertakte, hol horings dra, bedek in 'n permanente skede van keratien. Die meeste spesies van bovids spasieër hulself oor hul habitat; en territoriale gedrag is die mees algemene tipe van spasiëringsgedrag.<ref name="Bergerud1974"><cite class="citation book">Bergerud, AT (1974). </cite></ref>
[[Bok|''Caprids]]'' (klein bokke, soos die [[Skaap|skape]], bokke, [[Muskusos|muskoxmuskusos]], serows, gorals, en verskeie soortgelyke spesies) gebruik hul preorbitaalkliere om sosiale rangorde te vestigbevestig. Byvoorbeeld, wanneer kompetisie ontstaan tussen twee weiskapeweidingskape (''Ovis aries''), word daar waargeneem dat hulle mekaar se preorbitaalkliere bevoel. Deur die stuur en ontvang van olfaktoriese leidrade, blyk hierdie gedrag te wees as 'n boodskap van dominansie-bevestiging en van 'n gevegsvoorkoming, wat andersins potensieel skadelik sou wees tydens die stamp met die voorkoppe.<ref name="Baskin1974"><cite class="citation book">Baskin, LM (1974). </cite></ref>
Die antilopine bovids (dwergbokke, soos die [[springbok]], [[rooibok]], gazelle, [[Dikdik-dik|dik-dikke]]ke, [[Oorbietjie|oribioorbietjie]], en verskeie soortgelyke spesies) het goed-ontwikkelde preorbitaalkliere.<ref name="Schulz2005"><cite class="citation book">Burger, BV (2005). </cite></ref>
Die [[Alcelaphinae|alcephine]] bovids ([[Wildebees|wildebeeste]]te, hartbeeste, [[hirola]], [[bontebok]], [[blesbok]], en verskeie soortgelyke spesies) het preorbitaalkliere wat komplekse mengsels van chemiese verbindings afskei.<ref name="Schulz2005"><cite class="citation book">Burger, BV (2005). </cite></ref> Die preorbitaalkliere van die [[bontebok]] (''Damaliscus pygargus pygarus'') is groter in ramme as in ooie. Hul afskeidings bevat ten minste veertig verskillende chemiese verbindings, en word gedeponeer op die gras en takkies op die grense van hul gebied. Die merk van plantstingels met die preorbitaalklier se afskeidings vind by beide geslagte plaas.<ref name="Damaliscus"><cite class="citation web">Huffman B (2004-03-22). </cite></ref> In teenstelling met die duikers en raphicerids, is die [[klipspringer]] (''Oreotragus oreotragus'') 'n spesie van semi-kuddediere, terwyl die [[hirola]] (''Beatragus hunteri'') 'n volledige kuddedier is. Nietemin vertoon hierdie diere territoriale reukmerking van gras deur afskeidings van hul preorbitaalkliere.<ref name="Bigalke1974"><cite class="citation book">Bigalke, RC (1974). </cite></ref><ref name="Beatragus"><cite class="citation web">Huffman B (2008-12-31). </cite></ref>
== VoetnoteVerwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}
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name=Miller1990>{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=KV|title=Deer scent communication: what do we really know?|journal=Deer Hunters News|volume=10|issue=|pages=21–2|year=1990|issn=|url=http://www.qdma.com/uploads/pdf/Deer-Scent-Communication.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=Nickens2009>{{cite web|last=Nickens|first=TE|title=Understanding seven deer glands|work=Field & Stream Online|publisher=Field & Stream|location=New York|date=2009-11-05|url=http://www.fieldandstream.com/articles/hunting/2009/11/how-whitetail-glands-work|accessdate=2012-05-27}}</ref> <ref name=Rue2004>{{cite book|last=Rue III|first=LL|title=The deer of North America|chapter=External glands|pages=114–24|publisher=Lyons Press|location=Guilford, Connecticut|year=2004|isbn=1-59228-465-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ni6Hbqm04vIC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=%22preorbital+gland%22+deer#v=onepage&q=preorbital&f=false}}</ref> <ref name=Schulz2005>{{cite book|last=Burger|first=BV|editor-last=Schulz|editor-first=S|title=The chemistry of pheromones and other semiochemicals II|series=Topics in current chemistry|volume=240|chapter=Mammalian semiochemicals|pages=231–78|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin|year=2005|isbn=3-540-21308-2|issn=0340-1022|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~kettlab/A501/Burger2005.pdf|doi=10.1007/b98318}}</ref> <ref name=Wood2010>{{cite journal|last=Wood|first=WF|title=Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of long-chain 3,4-epoxy-2-alkanones|journal=Scientia Pharmaceutica|volume=78|issue=4|pages=745–51|year=2010|doi=10.3797/scipharm.1009-02|url=http://www.scipharm.at/download.asp?id=893|pmid=21179314|pmc=3007617}}</ref>}}
[[Kategorie:Hertagtiges]]
{{en-vertaal|Preorbital gland}}
[[Kategorie:Ewehoewiges]]
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