Alkaloïede: Verskil tussen weergawes
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[[Lêer:Papaver somniferum 01.jpg|duimnael|Die eerste individuele alkaloïed, morfien, is in 1804 van die [[opium]]papaver (''Papaver somniferum'') geïsoleer.{{R|Luch}}]]
[[Lêer:Ephedrine.png|duimnael|Chemiese struktuur van efedrien.]]
[[Lêer:Caffeine.svg|180px|duimnael|
'''Alkaloïede''' is 'n klas basiese, natuurlik voorkomende [[organiese verbinding]]s wat ten minste een [[stikstof]]atoom bevat. Hierdie groep bevat ook 'n aantal verwante verbindings met neutrale{{R|Goldbook}} en selfs swak suur-eienskappe.{{R|Manske1979}} Sommige sintetiese verbindings met 'n soortgelyke struktuur kan ook alkaloïede genoem word.{{R|Lewis1988}} Benewens [[koolstof]], [[waterstof]] en stikstof, kan alkaloïede ook [[suurstof]], [[swawel]] en, meer selde, ander elemente soos [[chloor]], [[broom]] en [[fosfor]] bevat.{{R|Xumuk.ru}}
Alkaloïede word deur 'n groot verskeidenheid organismes geproduseer, waaronder [[bakterie]]ë, [[swam]]me, plante en diere.{{R|Roberts}} Dit kan gesuiwer word uit ru-ekstrakte van hierdie organismes deur suur-basis-ekstraksie of oplosmiddel-ekstraksies gevolg deur silika-gel-kolom[[chromatografie]].{{R|Gonzales}} Alkaloïede het 'n wye verskeidenheid farmakologiese aktiwiteite, insluitend anti[[malaria]] (bv. kinien), antiastma (bv. efedrien), anti[[kanker]] (bv. homoharringtonien),{{R|PCS2014}} vasodilatoriese (veroorsaak verbreding van bloedvate) (bv. vinkamien), antiaritmiese (onderdruk abnormale hartritmes) (bv. kinidien), pynstillende (bv. morfien),{{R|morfien}} anti[[bakterie]]se (bv. cheleritrien),{{R|TBA2014}} en [[Suikersiekte|antihiperglisemiese]] (bv. piperien){{R|SHA2014}} aktiwiteite. Ander alkaloïede het [[Psigotropiese middel|psigotropiese]] (bv. psilosin) en stimulerende aktiwiteite (bv. [[kokaïen]], [[kafeïen]], [[nikotien]], teobromien),{{R|How}} en is gebruik in rituele of as ontspanningsmiddels. Alkaloïede kan ook giftig wees (bv. atropien, tubokurarien).{{R|JMV1996}} Alhoewel alkaloïede 'n verskeidenheid metaboliese stelsels by mense en ander diere beïnvloed, het dit 'n byna eenvormige bitter smaak of nasmaak.{{R|Rhoades1979}}
Die skeidingslyn tussen alkaloïede en ander stikstofbevattende natuurlike verbindings is nie duidelik nie.{{R|Meyers2002}} Verbindings soos aminosuur[[peptied]]e, [[proteïen]]e, [[nukleotied]]e, nukleïensuur, [[amien]]e en [[antibiotika]] word gewoonlik nie alkaloïede genoem nie.{{R|Goldbook}} Natuurlike [[Aromatiese verbinding|alifatiese verbindings]] met stikstof in eksosikliese posisie (meskalien, serotonien, [[dopamien]], ens.) word gewoonlik as [[amien]]e geklassifiseer eerder as as alkaloïede.{{R|Cseke2016}} Sommige outeurs beskou alkaloïede egter as 'n spesiale geval van amiene.<ref>A. William Johnson [https://books.google.com/books?id=0X4cQus2gz8C&pg=PA433 Invitation to Organic Chemistry], Jones and Bartlett, 1999, p. 433 {{ISBN|0-7637-0432-6}}</ref><ref>Raj K Bansal [https://books.google.com/books?id=1B6ijcTkD5EC&pg=PA644 A Text Book of Organic Chemistry]. 4th Edition, New Age International, 2004, p. 644 {{ISBN|81-224-1459-1}}</ref><ref name="Aniszewski 110">[[#Aniszewski|Aniszewski]], p. 110</ref>
== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings|verwysings=
<ref name="Cseke2016">{{cite book | last=Cseke | first=L.J. | last2=Kirakosyan | first2=A. | last3=Kaufman | first3=P.B. | last4=Warber | first4=S. | last5=Duke | first5=J.A. | last6=Brielmann | first6=H.L. | title=Natural Products from Plants | publisher=CRC Press | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-4200-0447-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wV2T41nGFc4C&pg=PA30 | access-date=23 Desember 2020 | page=30 |language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name="Goldbook">{{cite book | title=IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology | chapter=alkaloids | publisher=IUPAC | publication-place=Research Triagle Park, NC | isbn=0-9678550-9-8 | doi=10.1351/goldbook.a00220 | language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name="Gonzales">{{Cite journal |last=Gonçalves Paterson Fox |first=Eduardo |coauthors=Russ Solis, Daniel; Delazari dos Santos|first3=Lucilene|last4=Aparecido dos Santos Pinto, Jose Roberto; Ribeiro da Silva Menegasso, Anally; Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva, Rafael; Sergio Palma, Mario; Correa Bueno, Odair; de Alcântara Machado, Ednildo |date=April 2013 |title=A simple, rapid method for the extraction of whole fire ant venom (Insecta: Formicidae: Solenopsis) |journal=Toxicon |volume=65 |pages=5–8 |doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.12.009 |pmid=23333648 |hdl=11449/74946 |language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name="How">{{cite web |title=Alkaloid |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/alkaloid-info.htm |date=18 Desember 2007 |language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name = "JMV1996">{{Cite book |author1=Robbers JE |author2=Speedie MK |author3=Tyler VE |title = Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology |date = 1996 |publisher = Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins |location = Philadelphia |isbn = 978-0683085006 |pages = 143–185 |chapter = Chapter 9: Alkaloids |language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name="Lewis1988">{{cite book | last=Lewis | first=R.A. | title=Lewis' Dictionary of Toxicology | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=1998 | isbn=978-1-56670-223-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caTqdbD7j4AC&pg=PA51 | access-date=23 Desember 2020 | page=51 |language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name="Luch">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOiLVWBn8cC&pg=PA20 |page=20 |title=Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology |first=Andreas |last=Luch |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-7643-8335-0 |language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name="Manske1979">{{cite book | last=Manske | first=R.H.F. | title=The alkaloids: chemistry and physiology. (17) | publisher=Academic Press | issue=v. 17 | year=1979 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsiqvwEACAAJ | access-date=23 Desember 2020 | page=673 |language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name="Meyers2002">{{cite book | last=Meyers | first=Robert | title=Encyclopedia of physical science and technology | publisher=Academic Press | publication-place=San Diego | year=2002 | isbn=0-12-227411-3 | oclc=47767168 | language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name="morfien">{{cite book |author1=Raymond S. Sinatra |author2=Jonathan S. Jahr |author3=J. Michael Watkins-Pitchford |title=The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics |publisher = Cambridge University Press|year=2010 |pages=82–90| isbn = 978-1139491983 |language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name="PCS2014">{{cite journal |last = Kittakoop |first=P |coauthors=Mahidol, C; Ruchirawat, S |title = Alkaloids as important scaffolds in therapeutic drugs for the treatments of cancer, tuberculosis, and smoking cessation |journal = Curr Top Med Chem |volume = 14 |issue =2 |pages = 239–252 |year = 2014 |pmid = 24359196| =doi = 10.2174/1568026613666131216105049 |url = https://zenodo.org/record/895681 |language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name="Rhoades1979">{{cite book |year=1979 |author =Rhoades, David F |chapter=Evolution of Plant Chemical Defense against Herbivores |editor1=Rosenthal, Gerald A. |editor2=Janzen, Daniel H |title=Herbivores: Their Interaction with Secondary Plant Metabolites |place=New York |publisher=Academic Press |page=41 |isbn=978-0-12-597180-5 |language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name="Roberts">{{Cite book |title=Alkaloids : Biochemistry, Ecology, and Medicinal Applications |last1=Roberts |first1=Margaret F. |date=1998c|publisher=Springer US |last2=Wink |first2= Michael |isbn=9781475729054 |location=Boston, MA |oclc=851770197 |language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name="SHA2014">{{cite journal | last = Qiu |first=S |coauthors=Sun, H; Zhang, AH; Xu, HY; Yan, GL; Han, Y; Wang, XJ |title = Natural alkaloids: basic aspects, biological roles, and future perspectives |journal = Chin J Nat Med |volume = 12 |issue =6 |pages = 401–406 |year = 2014 |pmid = 24969519 |doi = 10.1016/S1875-5364(14)60063-7 |language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name="TBA2014">{{cite journal | last=Cushnie |first=TP |coauthors=Cushnie, B; Lamb, AJ |title = Alkaloids: An overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities |journal = Int J Antimicrob Agents |volume = 44 |issue =5 |pages = 377–386 |year = 2014 |pmid = 25130096|doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001 |url = https://zenodo.org/record/1004771 |language=Engels}}</ref>
<ref name="Xumuk.ru">{{cite web | title=ALKALOIDS | website=Xumuk.ru | url=http://www.xumuk.ru/encyklopedia/119.html | language=ru | access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref>
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