Vinland
Vinland, Vineland,[2][3] of Winland[4] (Oudnoors: Vínland) was 'n gebied aan die kus van Noord-Amerika wat deur Vikings verken is. Leif Erikson het daar geland omstreeks 1000 nC, byna vyf eeue voor die reise van Christopher Columbus en John Cabot.[5] Die naam kom in die Vinland Sagas voor, en beskryf Newfoundland en die Golf van Sint-Laurens so ver as noordoos van New Brunswick. Baie van die geografiese inhoud van die sages stem ooreen met hedendaagse kennis van transatlantiese reise en Noord-Amerika.[6]
In 1960 is argeologiese bewyse van die enigste bekende Noorse terrein in Noord-Amerika,[7][8] L'Anse aux Meadows, op die noordpunt van die eiland Newfoundland gevind. Voor die ontdekking van argeologiese bewyse was Vinland slegs bekend uit die sages en Middeleeuse geskiedskrywing. Die 1960-ontdekking het verder die pre-Columbiaanse Noorse verkenning van Noord-Amerika se vasteland bewys.[7] Daar word vermoed dat L'Anse aux Meadows die kamp Straumfjörð is wat in die Saga van Erik die Rooi genoem word.[9][10]
Verwysings wysig
- ↑ "L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site". UNESCO. Besoek op 21 Junie 2020.
- ↑ Laurence Marcellus Larson in Canute the Great: 995 (circ.)-1035 and the Rise of Danish Imperialism During the Viking Age, New York: Putnam, 1912 bl. 17
- ↑ Elizabeth Janeway in The Vikings, New York, Random House, 1951 throughout
- ↑ Danver, Steven L. (2010). Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-59884-078-0.
- ↑ William C. Wonders (2003). Canada's Changing North. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-7735-7132-7.
- ↑ Sigurdsson, Gisli (2008). The Vinland Sagas. London: Penguin. p. xv. ISBN 978-0-140-44776-7. Besoek op 21 Junie 2020.
Die sages is steeds ons beste bewys dat sulke reise na die Noord-Amerikaanse vasteland plaasgevind het. Toeval of wensdenkery kan eenvoudig nie beskrywings van topografie, natuurlike hulpbronne en inheemse leefstyle wat aan mense in Europa onbekend is, opgelewer het wat in Noord-Amerika bevestig kan word nie.
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 "L'Anse aux Meadows". L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada. Parks Canada. 2018. Besoek op 21 Desember 2018.
Here [L'Anse aux Meadows] Norse expeditions sailed from Greenland, building a small encampment of timber-and-sod buildings …
- ↑ Ingstad, Helge; Ingstad, Anne Stine (2001). The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland. Checkmark Books. ISBN 0-8160-4716-2.
- ↑ "Is L'Anse aux Meadows Vinland?". L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada. Parks Canada. 2003. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 22 Mei 2007. Besoek op 20 April 2010.
- ↑ Significance of the discovery of butternut shells at L'Anse aux Meadows: Birgitta Wallace, "The Norse in Newfoundland: L'Anse aux Meadows and Vinland", The New Early Modern Newfoundland: Part 2 (2003), Vol. 19, No. 1. "Many scholars have dismissed L’Anse aux Meadows as peripheral in the Vinland story (Kristjánsson 2005:39). I myself held that view for a long time. I am now contending that L’Anse aux Meadows is in fact the key to unlocking the Vinland sagas. Two factors crystallized this idea in my mind. One was my subsequent research into early French exploitation outposts in Acadia (Wallace 1999) and the nature of migration (Anthony 1990) [...] The second signal was the identification of butternut remains in the Norse stratum at L’Anse aux Meadows. Here was the smoking gun that linked the limited environment of northern Newfoundland with a lush environment in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where wild grapes did indeed exist. The mythical Vinland had a basis in archaeological fact." Birgitta Wallace, "L’Anse aux Meadows, Leif Eriksson’s Home in Vinland", Norse Greenland: Selected Papers from the Hvalsey Conference 2008 Journal of the North Atlantic, 2009, 114-125.