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: ''Hierdie artikel handel oor die taal. Vir die etniese groep, sien [[Grieke]].''
{{Inligtingskas Taal
|naam=Grieks
|inheemsenaam=Ελληνικάελληνικά<br />''elliniká''
|uitspraak=[eliniˈka]
|familiekleur=Indo-Europees
|state={{Vlaglandvlagland|Griekeland}}<br />{{Vlaglandvlagland|Siprus}}<br />{{Vlaglandvlagland|Turkye}}<br />{{Vlaglandvlagland|Italië}}<br />{{Vlaglandvlagland|Albanië}}<br />{{Vlaglandvlagland|Republiek van Masedonië}}<br />{{Vlaglandvlagland|Roemenië}}<br />{{Vlaglandvlagland|Egipte}}<br />{{Vlaglandvlagland|Frankryk}}<br />{{Vlaglandvlagland|Oekraïne}}
|streek=[[Suid-Europa]]
|sprekers=13,1 miljoen<ref>[{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?codelanguage/ell | title=greEthnologue: www.ethnologue.comLanguages of the World, Seventeenth edition, Greek | publisher=[[Ethnologue].] | accessdate=29 April 2016}}</ref>
|rang=111
|skrif=[[Griekse alfabet]]
|fam1=[[Indo-Europese tale|Indo-Europees]]
|fam2=[[Helleense tale|Helleens]]
|nasie={{Vlaglandvlagland|Europese Unie}}<br />{{Vlaglandvlagland|Griekeland}}<br />{{Vlaglandvlagland|Siprus}}
|agentskap=''geen''
|iso1=el|iso2=gre (B)T<br/>ell (T)|iso3=ell
{{Indo-Europees}}
Die '''Griekse taal''' (ελληνικά, ''Ελληνικάelliniká'', [eliniˈka], letterlik: "Helleens" of ελληνική γλώσσα, ''ellinikí glóssa'', [eliniˈci ˈɣlosa], {{Audio|Elliniki Glossa.ogg|luister}}, letterlik: "Helleense taal") is 'n [[Indo-EuropeesEuropese tale|Indo-Europese]] [[taal]] wat bestaan vanaf ongeveer die veertiende14de eeu VCv.C. in die Kretiese inskrywings genaamd ''Linear B''. Miceense Grieks van hierdie periode word onderskei van latere Klassieke of Antieke Grieks vanaf die agste8ste eeu VCv.C. en later, toe tekste in die [[Griekse alfabet]] begin skryf is.
[[Moderne Grieks]] is 'n lewende [[taal]] en een van die rykste oorblewende tale vandag, met meer as 600, 000 woorde. Sekere vakkundiges plaas baie klem op die ooreenkomste met [[Millennium|millennia]]-oue Griekse tale. Die onderlinge verstaanbaarheid met antieke Grieks is 'n saak van debat: Daar word aangevoer dat 'n "redelik goedgeleerde" spreker van die moderne taal die antieke dialekte sal kan lees, maar dit is nie duidelik gemaak hoeveel van hierdie opvoeding bestaan uit blootstelling tot [[woordeskat]] en [[grammatika]] wat verouderd in normale kommunikasie is nie. Grieks vanuit die [[Hellenistiese Griekeland|Hellenistiese]] en [[Bisantynse Ryk|Bisantynse]] tye is merkbaar nader aan Moderne Grieks. Vanaf [[1834]] tot [[1976]] was daar 'n poging aangewend om [[Καθαρεύουσα (''Katharevousa|<font'', face="Arial Unicode MS"> Καθαρεύουσα</font>]] /[kaTa'revus{/], ("''gereinigde taal''", 'n poging om eeue-oue natuurlike linguistieke verandering aan 'n taal te korrigeer) as die enigste aanvaarbare vorm van Grieks in [[Griekeland]] te maak. Ná 1976 is Δημοτική (''Dhimotiki'', [Dimoti'ci], "taal van die mense") uiteindelik deur die Griekse [[regering]] aanvaar as beide die ''[[de facto]]'' en ''[[de jure]]'' vorme van die taal. 'n Groot hoeveelheid woorde en uitdrukkings bly onveranderd deur die eeue behoue, en word gevind in 'n aantal ander tale, insluitend [[Latyn]], [[Nederlands]], [[Italiaans]], [[Duits]], [[Frans]], [[Engels]] en [[Afrikaans]]. Tipiese voorbeelde hiervan sluit meeste terminologiename in, soos ''[[Sterrekunde|astronomie]]'', ''[[demokrasie]]'', ''[[filosofie]]'', ''[[antropologie]]'' ens.
[[Dhimotiki|<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Δημοτική</font>]] /Dimoti'ci/ ("''taal van die mense''") uiteindelik deur die Griekse [[regering]] aanvaar as beide die [[de facto]] en [[de jure]] vorme van die taal. 'n Groot hoeveelheid woorde en uitdrukkings bly onveranderd deur die eeue behoue, en word gevind in 'n aantal ander tale, insluitend [[Latyn]], [[Nederlands]], [[Italiaanse taal|Italiaans]], [[Duitse taal|Duits]], [[Franse taal|Frans]], [[Engelse taal|Engels]] en [[Afrikaans]]. Tipiese voorbeelde hiervan sluit meeste terminologiename in, soos ''astronomie'', ''demokrasie'', ''filosofie'', ''antropologie'' ens.
== Geskiedenis ==
=== Oorsprong ===
[[Lêer:AncientGreekDialects (Woodard) en.svg|duimnael|links|Antieke verspreiding van Griekse dialekte]]
[[Lêer:Hellenistic Greek.png|duimnael|links|Verspreiding van Grieks in die Hellenistiese tydperk]]
Daar bestaan baie teorieë oor die oorspronk van die Griekse taal. Een teorie stel voor dat dit ontstaan het met die migrasie van proto-Griekse sprekers na [[Griekeland]], wat in enige periode tussen [[3200 v.C.]] tot [[1900 v.C.]] gebeur het. 'n Ander teorie handhaaf dat Grieks in Griekeland self ontwikkel het vanuit 'n vorige [[Indo-Europees|Indo-Europese]] [[taal]]. ▼[[Lêer:Modern Greek dialects en.svg|duimnael|links|Moderne verspreiding van Griekse dialekte]]
▲Daar bestaan baie teorieë oor die oorspronk van die Griekse taal. Een teorie stel voor dat dit ontstaan het met die migrasie van proto-Griekse sprekers na [[Griekeland ]], wat in enige periode tussen [[3200 v.C. ]] tot [[1900 v.C. ]] gebeur het. 'n Ander teorie handhaaf dat Grieks in Griekeland self ontwikkel het vanuit 'n vorige [[Indo-Europees|Indo-Europese ]] [[taal ]].
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=== Linear B ===
The first known script for writing Greek was the [[Linear B]] [[syllabary]], used for the archaic [[Mycenaean]] dialect. Linear B was not deciphered until [[1953]]. After the fall of the Mycenaean [[civilization]], there was a period of about five hundred years when writing was either not used, or nothing has survived to the present day. Since early classical times, Greek has been written in the [[Greek alphabet]], said to be derived from [[Phoenician]]. This happened about the time of [[Homer]], and there is one obscure, fleeting reference in Homer's poetry suggesting that he might have been aware of writing.
=== Ancient Greek dialects ===
In the archaic and classical periods, there were three main dialects of the Greek language, [[Aeolic Greek|Aeolic]], [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]], and [[Doric Greek|Doric]], corresponding to the three main tribes of the Greeks, the Aeolians (chiefly living in the islands of the Aegean), the Ionians (mostly settled in modern day Turkey), and the Dorians (primarily the Greeks of the Pelopennesus, such as the Spartans). [[Homer]]'s [[Illiad]] and [[Odyssey]] were written in a kind of literary Ionic with some loan words from the other dialects. Ionic, therefore, became the primary literary language of ancient Greece until the ascendency of Athens in the late fifth century. Doric was standard for Greek lyric poetry, such as [[Pindar]] and the choral odes of the Greek tragedians.
=== Attic Greek ===
Attic Greek, a subdialect of Ionic, was for centuries the language of [[Athens]]. Most surviving [[classical]] [[Greek literature]] appears in Attic Greek, including the extant texts of [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]], which were passed down in written form from classical times.
=== Koine Greek ===
As Greeks colonized from [[Asia Minor]] to [[Egypt]] to the [[Middle East]], the Greek language began to evolve into multiple dialects. [[Alexander the Great]] ([[356 BC]]-[[323 BC]]) was instrumental in combining these dialects to form <font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Κοινή</font> /ci'ni/. (The Greek word for "common," <font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Κοινή</font> is often transliterated into English as ''koine''. Koine Greek is also called "[[New Testament]] Greek" after its most famous work of literature).
Imposing a common Greek dialect allowed Alexander's combined army to communicate with itself. The language was also taught to the inhabitants of the regions that Alexander conquered, turning Greek into a world language.
=== The Hellenistic through the Ottoman periods ===
The Greek language continued to thrive after Alexander, during the [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] period ([[323 BC]] to [[281 BC]]). During this period the [[Septuagint]], a Greek translation of the [[Hebrew Bible]], appeared.
For many centuries Greek was the [[lingua franca]] of the [[Roman Empire]]. It was during Roman times that the Greek New Testament appeared. After the empire's fall in [[476]], the Greek language continued to be widely-spoken. Greek was the official language of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] (or [[Byzantine Empire]]), until [[Constantinople]] fell to the [[Turks]] in [[1453]].
The decline of reading and writing among Greek speakers during the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s domination much of the [[Mediterranean]] caused the language to change considerably during their rule. Ottoman rule lasted many places until the end of [[World War I]] in [[1919]].
=== Modern Greek ===
From these roots evolved the [[Modern Greek]] of today. Modern Greek has a somewhat artificial, conservative form called [[Katharevousa|<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Καθαρεύουσα</font>]] /kaTa'revus{/, which includes numerous Ancient Greek words pronounced in a modern way, and the spoken form
[[Dhimotiki|<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Δημοτική</font>]] /Dimoti'ci/, which since [[1976]] is the official language of Greece, instead of
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Καθαρεύουσα</font>.
==Grammar==
Greek, like all of the older [[Indo-European]] languages, is highly inflected, for example, [[noun]]s have five [[Declension|cases]] ([[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], [[accusative]] and [[vocative]]), three [[Grammatical gender|genders]] ([[masculine]], [[feminine]] and [[neuter]]), and three [[Grammatical number|numbers]] ([[singular]], [[dual]] and [[plural]]). [[Verb]]s have four [[Grammatical mood|moods]], three [[Grammatical voice|voices]], as well as three [[Grammatical person|persons]] and three numbers and various other forms. Modern Greek is one of the few Indo-European languages that has retained a [[synthetic]] [[passive]].
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Δημοτική</font> has lost the [[dative]] (except in a few expressions like <font face="Arial Unicode MS">εν
τάξει</font> /en 'daxi/, which means OK), Other noticeable changes in the its grammar include the loss of the [[infinitive]], the dual number and the simplification of the system of grammatical prefixes, like [[augment]] and [[reduplication]].
==Phonology==
Greek has [[sandhi]] rules, some written, some not. <font face="Arial Unicode MS"> ν</font> before bilabials and velars is pronounced "m" and "ng" respectively, and is written
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> μ</font> (<font face="Arial Unicode MS">συμπάθεια</font>) and <font face="Arial Unicode MS"> γ</font> (<font face="Arial Unicode MS">συγχρονίζω</font>) when this happens within a word. The word
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> ἐστὶ</font> /es'ti/, which means "is" in Greek gains
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> ν</font>, and the accusative articles <font face="Arial Unicode MS"> τον</font> and
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> την</font> in Modern Greek lose it, depending on the start of the next word; this is called "movable nu". In
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> τον πατέρα</font> "the father" the first word is pronounced "tom", and in Modern Greek (but not Ancient Greek, which had an independent "b" sound) the second word is pronounced "batera" because "mp" is pronounced as "mb".
==Historical sound changes==
The main phonetic changes between Ancient and Modern Greek are a simplification in the [[vowel]] system and a change of some [[consonants]] to [[fricative]] values. Ancient Greek had five short vowels, seven long vowels, and numerous [[diphthongs]]. This has been reduced to a simple five-vowel system. Most noticeably, the sounds
<font face="Arial Unicode MS">i</font>, <font face="Arial Unicode MS"> ē</font>,
<font face="Arial Unicode MS">y</font>, <font face="Arial Unicode MS">ei</font>,
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> oi</font> have all become <font face="Arial Unicode MS">i</font>.
The consonants b, d, g became v, dh, gh (dh is /D/ and gh is /G/). The [[aspirated]] consonants ph, th, kh became f, th, kh (where the new pronunciation of th is /T/ and the new pronunciation of kh is /x/).
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== Skryfstelsel ==
Grieks word geskryf met die [[Griekse alfabet ]] wat dateer vanuit die agste8ste eeu VCv.C. Die Griekse alfabet bestaan uit 24 letters: ▼
[[Alfa (letter)|Α]], [[Beta (letter)|Β]], [[Gamma|Γ]], [[Delta (letter)|Δ]], [[Epsilon|Ε]], [[Zeta (letter)|Ζ]], [[Eta (letter)|Η]], [[Theta|Θ]], [[Iota|Ι]], [[Kappa (letter)|Κ]], [[Lambda|Λ]], [[Mu (letter)|Μ]], [[Nu (letter)|Ν]], [[ XiKsi|Ξ]], [[ OmicronOmikron|Ο]], [[Pi (letter)|Π]], [[Rho (letter)|Ρ]], [[Sigma (letter)|Σ]], [[Tau|Τ]], [[Ypsilon|Υ]], [[Phi (letter)|Φ]], [[Chi (letter)|Χ]], [[Psi (letter)|Ψ]], [[Omega|Ω]].▼▲Grieks word geskryf met die [[Griekse alfabet]] wat dateer vanuit die agste eeu VC. Die Griekse alfabet bestaan uit 24 letters:
▲[[Alfa (letter)|Α]], [[Beta (letter)|Β]], [[Gamma|Γ]], [[Delta (letter)|Δ]], [[Epsilon|Ε]], [[Zeta (letter)|Ζ]], [[Eta (letter)|Η]], [[Theta|Θ]], [[Iota|Ι]], [[Kappa (letter)|Κ]], [[Lambda|Λ]], [[Mu (letter)|Μ]], [[Nu (letter)|Ν]], [[Xi|Ξ]], [[Omicron|Ο]], [[Pi (letter)|Π]],
[[Rho (letter)|Ρ]], [[Sigma (letter)|Σ]], [[Tau|Τ]], [[Upsilon|Υ]], [[Phi (letter)|Φ]], [[Chi (letter)|Χ]], [[Psi (letter)|Ψ]], [[Omega|Ω]].
== Zolotas se toespraak ==
In [[1954 ]] het professor [[Xenophon Zolotas ]] 'n toespraak gemaak by die [[Harvard Universiteit-universiteit]]. Die toespraak was natuurlik in Engels, maar vol woorde wat afgelei is vanuit Grieks: ▼
▲In [[1954]] het professor [[Xenophon Zolotas]] 'n toespraak gemaak by [[Harvard Universiteit]]. Die toespraak was natuurlik in Engels, maar vol woorde wat afgelei is vanuit Grieks:
I [[:en:eulogy|eulogize]] the [[:en:archon|archon]]s of the Panethnic [[:en:Numismatic|Numismatic]] [[:en:Thesaurus|Thesaurus]] and the [[:en:Ecumenical|Ecumenical]] Trapeza for the orthodoxy of their [[:en:axiom| axiomaxioms]] s, [[:en:method| methodmethods]] s and policies, although there is an episode of [[:en:cacophony|cacophony]] of the Trapeza with [[:en:Hellas|Hellas]] . With enthusiasm we dialogue and synagonize at the [[:en:synod|synod]]s of our didymous Organizations in which polymorphous economic ideas and dogmas are analyzed and synthesized. ▼Our critical problems such as the numismatic plethora generate some agony and melancholy. This phenomenon is characteristic of our epoch. But, to my thesis, we have the dynamism to program therapeutic practices as a [[:en:prophylaxis|prophylaxis]] from chaos and catastrophe . In parallel, a panethnic unhypocritical economic [[:en:synergy|synergy]] and harmonization in a democratic climate is basic. ▼
▲I [[:en:eulogy|eulogize]] the [[:en:archon|archon]]s of the Panethnic [[:en:Numismatic|Numismatic]] [[:en:Thesaurus|Thesaurus]] and the [[:en:Ecumenical|Ecumenical]] Trapeza for the orthodoxy of their [[:en:axiom|axiom]]s, [[:en:method|method]]s and policies, although there is an episode of [[:en:cacophony|cacophony]] of the Trapeza with [[:en:Hellas|Hellas]].
With enthusiasm we dialogue and synagonize at the [[:en:synod|synod]]s of our didymous Organizations in which polymorphous economic ideas and dogmas are analyzed and synthesized.
▲Our critical problems such as the numismatic plethora generate some agony and melancholy. This phenomenon is characteristic of our epoch. But, to my thesis, we have the dynamism to program therapeutic practices as a [[:en:prophylaxis|prophylaxis]] from chaos and catastrophe.
In parallel, a panethnic unhypocritical economic [[:en:synergy|synergy]] and harmonization in a democratic climate is basic.
I apologize for my eccentric monologue. I emphasize my eucharistia to you Kyrie, to the [[:en:eugenic|eugenic]] and generous American Ethnos and to the organizers and protagonists of this [[:en:Amphictyony|Amphictyony]] and the gastronomic [[:en:symposium|symposia]].
== Voorbeelde ==
[[Lêer:Beginning Iliad.svg|duimnael|Die sewe beginverse van [[Homeros]] se ''[[Ilias]]'']]
[[Lêer:Beginning Odyssey.svg|duimnael|Die nege beginverse van Homeros se ''[[Odussee]]'']]
Die [[Onse Vader]] in Grieks ([[Evangelie volgens Matteus|Matteus]] 6:9-13):
<font face="Athena, Gentium, Arial Unicode MS">Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·<br />
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου· γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς·<br />
== Sien ook ==
* [[Taalfamilies en taleKoine]]
* [[Griekse alfabetPonties]]
* [[Griekse nommers]]
* [[:en:Greeklish|Greeklish]]
* [[:en:Griko language|Griko language]]
* [[:en:Tsakonian|Tsakonian]]
* [[Ponties (taal)]]
* [[Lys van gedrukte Afrikaans-vreemdtalige woordeboeke]]
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ The Perseus Project] has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including dictionaries.
* [http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/gr.htm Free online resources for learners (both Ancient and Modern Greek)]
* [http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/help.htm#english Athena], [[public domain]] [[Polytonic Greek script|polytonic]] greek [[typeface|font]]
* [http://www.sil.org/~gaultney/gentium/ Gentium -- a typeface for the nations], a freely available font including polytonic Greek support
* [http://didymos.kypros.org/LearnGreek/ Learn Greek Online], for people who would like to learn the beauty of modern Greek (with real audio files, totally free)
[[Kategorie:Grieks| ]]
[[Kategorie:Tale van Albanië]]
[[Kategorie:Tale van Egipte]]
[[Kategorie:Tale van Frankryk]]
[[Kategorie:Tale van Italië]]
[[Kategorie:Tale van Oekraïne]]
[[Kategorie:Tale van die Republiek van Masedonië]]
[[Kategorie:Tale van Roemenië]]
[[Kategorie:Tale van Turkye]]
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